Lecture Notes

DBMS Practical: Here in this article, students will find a list of notes and study material, DBMS practical questions, and answers pdf on the subject which can help them better understand the prerequisites required for their viva on Data Base Management System. You can use them as quick guidance to resolve doubts if any by using every possible related content of the Data Base Management System such as syllabus, Reference Books, DBMS Lab Programs with Solutions PDF, etc. all in one place.

Students can also visit Department Wise Lecture Notes for Preparation.

There are a lot of helpful resources which are available for the DBMS Practical; some of them are as follows:

• Introduction to DBMS Practical Lab Manual
• B.Tech Data Base Management System Notes and Study Material PDF Free Download
• B.Tech Data Base Management System Notes and Study Material PDF Free Download
• DBMS Practical reference books
• DBMS Practical curriculum
• DBMS Practical important questions
• What can I expect for my DBMS Practicals?
• What are the best DBMS Practical reference books I can use to prepare?
• What is the importance of DBMS Practicals?
• What is the DBMS Practical curriculum?

Introduction to DBMS Practical Lab Manual

DBMS is an important subject which looks at the handling of data and databases. The DBMS Practical looks at the practical elements of the subject, which include experiments and application-based uses of the subject.

Some of the experiments included for the practice are as follows.

• Drawing different kinds of models from a given database.
• Implementation of a database and its functions
• Data definition and modification once it has been created, etc.

B.Tech Data Base Management System Notes and Study Material PDF Free Download

Here students can find the various lab manuals that can help them understand how the lab experiments are conducted and the different viva questions that can be asked on the various systems used for DBMS. Students can download the study material and use it during their preparation process for the subject. Using the study materials provided by these notes will help aspirants get a better hunch on the concepts and the and an overall view on the subject.

The list of notes are as follows –

• Lab manuals for Database Management System by Abhishek Apoorv
• Lab manuals for Database Management System by JNTU Heros
• Lab manuals for Database Management System by Umesh Kumar
• Lab manuals for Database Management System by Snehal Kadavu

DBMS Practicals Reference Books

Books allow its readers to materialize the concepts better so that readers firstly get a more in-depth view of the subject and help them go over the specifics. Here in DBMS, there are different systems that users must become familiar with because the course required basic knowledge of systems that are important for DBMS. Students can use these books to understand various topics better and to score better grades during their exam.

The following is a list of books that students can utilize during their preparation process of the subject-

• Learn PostgreSQL by Luca Ferrari, Enrico Pirozzi
• PostgreSQL: The First Experience by Pavel Luzanov, Egor Rogov, Igor Levshi
• Introducing InnoDB Cluster by Charles Bell
• MySQL and JSON: A Practical Programming Guide by David Stokes
• MySQL Connector/Python Revealed by Jesper Wisborg Krogh
• Pro MySQL NDB ClusterBy Wisborg Krogh, Mikiya Okuno
• MySQL Cluster 7.5 Inside and Out by Mikael Ronstrom
• Cassandra: The Definitive Guide
• Practical Cassandra: A Developer’s Approach
• Learning Apache Cassandra
• Apache Cassandra: Hands-on-Training

DBMS Practicals Curriculum

The DBMS Practicals curriculum consists of various experiments which are carried out throughout the course. Below there is the DBMS Practicals curriculum listed experiment wise.

Experiment	Aims
Experiment 1: ER diagram and relational model	To draw the ER model and Relational model for a given database. To show ER to Relational model reduction.
Experiment 2: Creation and implementation of the database	To create the database with the proper constraints (Pk, Fk, etc.) Insert into the database using different insert statements Displaying the database
Experiment 3: Data Definition (Schema) Modification	To alter the table (add/remove column, add/remove constraint) To drop table To show schema of any table To apply different constraints check
Experiment 4: Simple SQL Queries (single table retrieval)	To make use of different operators (logical, relational, etc.) Selection of rows and columns Renaming columns Use of distinct keywords String handling (%, etc.) Updating statements and case updates Deleting or cascade deleting
Experiment 5: Advanced SQL Queries	Group by/Having clause and aggregate function Setting operations (union, all union, use of order by clause) Nested queries: in, not_in, etc. Join (Inner and Outer) Exists and Union
Experiment 6: Implementation of views	Creation and usage of views Creation of views using views Drop view
Experiment 7: Triggers	To create queries using Triggers.
Experiment 8: Procedures	To create queries using Procedures.
Experiment 9: ORDBMS concepts	To implement ORDBMS concepts.
Experiment 10: RDBMS	To implement RDBMS using JDBC connectivity.

List of DBMS Practical Important Questions

1. What is DBMS used for?
2. What is meant by a Database?
3. Why is the use of DBMS recommended? Explain by listing some of its major advantages.
4. What is the purpose of normalization in DBMS?
5. What are the different types of languages that are available in the DBMS?
6. What is the purpose of SQL?
7. Explain the concepts of a Primary key and Foreign Key.
8. ub-query in terms of SQL?
9. What is the use of DROP command and what are the differences between DROP, TRUNCATE and DELETE commands?
10. What are the different levels of abstraction in the DBMS?
11. What is Correlated Subquery in DBMS?
12. Explain the concept of ACID properties in DBMS?
13. What is the main difference between UNION and UNION ALL?
14. What integrity rules that are the main differences between Primary key and Unique Key?
15. What is the concept of sxist in the DBMS?
16. What is 1NF in the DBMS?
17. What is 2NF in the DBMS?

FAQs About DBMS Practicals

Question 1.
What can I expect for my DBMS Practicals?

Answer: There are a cumulative ten experiments which are part of the DBMS Practicals course. Thus, out of the list of experiments mentioned in the DBMS Practicals curriculum, prepare all of them. Any experiment can come as your DBMS Practical so be wary and study all of them.

Question 2.
What are the best DBMS Practical reference books I can use to prepare?

Answer: The best DBMS Practical reference books are as follows:

• Learn PostgreSQL by Luca Ferrari, Enrico Pirozzi
• PostgreSQL: The First Experience by Pavel Luzanov, Egor Rogov, Igor Levshi
• MySQL Cluster 7.5 Inside and Out by Mikael Ronstrom

Question 3.
What is the importance of DBMS Practicals?

Answer: DBMS Practicals are important because they help provide the student with a well-rounded knowledge of the subject. Having only bookish knowledge is not enough, a person must have an application based on practical understanding of all subjects as well. This ensures that the student has understood the subject and topics under it fully.

Question 4.
What is the DBMS Practical curriculum?

Answer: There are a total of 10 experiments that are part of the DBMS Practical curriculum, all of which are equally important in supporting the learning of the student. The curriculum includes relational database building, data definition and modification, simple and advanced SQL queries, implementation of views, Triggers, Procedures, ORDBMS concepts, and lastly, RDBMS.

Conclusion

From the above study material provided, the information provided is reliable and genuine. Students can use these notes in preparing for their lab experiments in DBMS as the provided lab manual notes, reference books, curriculum, and important questions will help aid them

Refer: 

DIVISLAB Pivot Point Calculator

Electronics Engineering Notes: The technological development of the world is remarkable. Every minute the world is getting more advanced with its new technologies. New advanced products are getting launched each second. All this only to make the life of human beings easier. With the advancement of technology, the requirement of people managing and controlling these new technologies are also increasing at an alarming rate. People need to get trained before managing all these technologies, which is why different engineering courses have gained popularity. Among which electronics engineering is one of the most popular.

Students who want a good career must choose electronics engineering as their domain. Hence, students who are interested in pursuing their career in this field must have electronics engineering notes. BTech Geeks notes will give a detailed explanation about every subject of electronics engineering. With these notes, the students will have an efficient preparation which will help them in securing good marks in the exams.

Achieving expertise in this field through these notes will give a boost to their job careers. As advanced equipment are getting introduced each minute, the need for electronics engineering is also increasing. Avail subject-wise B.Tech Notes related to Engineering Departments like ECE, CSE, Mech, EEE, Civil, etc. all in one place and plan your preparation according to your requirements.

Students who are interested in pursuing their careers in the electronics engineering field are advised to use electronics engineering notes:-

• Introduction to Electronics Engineering Notes
• Electronics Engineering Reference Books
• Electronics Engineering Curriculum
• List of Electronics Engineering Questions
• FAQs on Electronics Engineering Notes
• Conclusion

Introduction to Electronics Engineering Notes

Electronic engineering is considered as a discipline for electrical engineering professionals. Electronic engineering is responsible for utilizing non-linear and active electrical components such as semiconductor devices in order to design electronic circuits, integrated circuits and their systems. Electronic engineering as a discipline is also used in designing passive electrical components that are usually based on printed circuit boards.

Electronics Engineering is the discipline that is generally responsible for dealing with the implementation of applications, algorithms and principles which are developed within many interrelated fields. Electronics engineering is always considered as a promising and rewarding career as it has a lot of good job options. People who work in this electronics engineering job profile always find themselves engaged with some interesting tasks. These tasks will help the employees to increase their knowledge and creativity.

Electronic engineers need to have analytical, physics and mathematics knowledge for doing efficient work in their workplace. People lacking these skills won’t find good jobs that can improve their skills. Students thinking of pursuing electronic engineering as a career must ensure that they have the required skills.

Electronics Engineering Notes PDF Download

Students who are pursuing electronics engineering courses might find it difficult and challenging. They might not be able to understand the concepts and principles of this course. This happens because engineering can sometimes be complicated, which results in confusion among the students. Students to avoid these problems must download electronics engineering notes pdf. This note explains the whole course in a simple and detailed manner. Thus clearing out all the doubts the students have

The notes contain some valuable information which has been collected from different authentic sources. This extra knowledge will help the students to make their preparations more efficient. An efficient preparation by the students will ensure good marks in the exams. The notes also gave a list of some books that the student can refer to. These books contain almost every information that is needed for securing good marks.

For the revision of students, the notes have some questions also that are likely to come in the exams, thus making the preparation of the students more efficient. Despite electronics engineering notes, there are some other notes that the students can refer to completing their preparation.  The list of those notes are as follows:-

1. Electronics Engineering Notes English PDF
2. Electronics Engineering Unit-Wise Notes PDF
3. Electronics Engineering question bank with answers PDF
4. Electronics Engineering handwritten notes PDFs
5. Electronics Engineering question papers PDFs
6. Electronics Engineering semester notes PDFs.
7. Electronics Engineering PPT

Electronics Engineering Reference Books

Books with their valuable information are considered as saviours for students during the exams. The contents of the books used by the students must be authentic so that his/her preparation will be efficient and productive. Books provide a detailed explanation of a particular subject that helps in understanding what the subject is. Similarly, students pursuing an electronic engineering course also need to refer to some books that can help them in their preparation.

In electronics engineering notes, there is a list of some books that can be referred to during the exams. These books are written by experts who have years of experience. The list of suggested books are as follows:-

Book	Author
Basic Electronics	Paul Rosenberg
A handbook for Electronics Engineering	ME Editorial Board
Electronic Devices and Circuit	Boylestad
Series of Electronics and Communication Engineering	Experts Compilation
An Integrated Course in Electronics and Communication Engineering	J.B Gupta
Basics of Electronics Engineering	GKP
Principles of Electrical Engineering and Electronics	V.K Mehta
Basic Electronics: Principles and Applications	Chinmoy Saha
Power Electronics: Essentials and Applications	L. Umanand
Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering	S.K Bhattacharya
Electrical and Electronics Engineering	R. Muthusubramanian
Basic Electronics	B L Theraja
Electrical Machines	S.K Sahdev

Electronics Engineering Curriculum

Every course has a curriculum that the students need to follow in order to achieve success in that course. Following the curriculum will help the students to learn about the course in a proper manner. Some experts prepare these curriculums considering the intelligence of the students and their ability to capture something new. Any deviations from this curriculum can affect the studies of the students, thus affecting their marks in the exams.

Similarly, electronics engineering also has a curriculum that needs to be followed for achieving expertise in this field. Students who follow the curriculum in a stepwise manner will gain knowledge from basic areas to advanced areas.

The curriculum of electronics engineering is as follows: –

Semester I	Semester II
Applied Mathematics – 1	Applied Mathematics – 2
Applied Physics – 1	Applied Physics – 2
Applied Chemistry – 1	Applied Chemistry – 2
Engineering Mechanics	Engineering Drawing
Basic Electrical Engineering	Structured Programming Approach
Environmental Studies	Communication Skills
Basic Workshop Practice – 1	Basic Workshop Practice – 2

Semester III	Semester IV
Applied Mathematics – 3	Applied Mathematics – 4
Electronic Devices and Circuits – 1	Electronic Devices and Circuits – 2
Digital System	Microprocessors and Applications
Design Circuit Theory and Networks	Digital System
Electronic Instrumentation and Control Electronic Devices and Circuits – 1	Design Principles of Communication
Laboratory Digital System	Engineering Linear
Design Laboratory Using JAVA Laboratory	Control Systems Electronic Devices and Circuits – 2
–	Laboratory Microprocessors and Applications Laboratory Digital System
–	Design Laboratory
–	Principles of Communication Engineering Laboratory

Semester – V	Semester – VI
Microcontrollers and Applications	Basic VLSI Design
Design With Linear Integrated Circuits	Advanced Instrumentation Systems
Electromagnetic Engineering Signals and Systems	Computer Organization
Digital Communication	Power Electronics
Business Communication and Ethics	Digital Signal Processing and Processors
Microcontrollers and Applications	Modern Information Technology for Management
Laboratory Design with Linear Integrated Circuits	VLSI Design Laboratory
Laboratory Digital Communication	Advanced Instrumentation and Power Electronics Laboratory
Laboratory Mini Project – 1	Laboratory Mini Project – 2

Semester – VII	Semester – VIII
Embedded System Design	CMOS VLSI Design
IC Technology	–
Power Electronics – II	–
Computer Communication Networks	–
Elective – 1	–
Project – 1	–

List of Electronics Engineering Questions

Electronics Engineering notes aims to make the preparation of the students efficient and productive, which is why they have some important questions for the revision of the students. This questions are selected by some experts and are most likely to come in the exams. If the students practise these questions thoroughly, then they can surely secure good marks in the exams.

The questions also give students a preview on what type of questions they are going to face during the exams. So that students will not get confused during the exams and can answer all the question with confidence.

Some of these important questions are listed below:-

1. What is shown by the Bode Plots?
2. How do you calculate the energy that is stored in an inductance?
3. How do you calculate the energy that is stored in a capacitance?
4. What do you understand by the force on parallel conductors?
5. What do you understand by Corkscrew Rule?
6. What is the method to calculate Power Loss in a Resistor?
7. What do you understand by the pull of electromagnet?
8. Explain the method to solve a circuit using a source transformation.
9. What do you understand by reverse polarity and how to fix it? Explain.
10. What happens when the series current doubles?
11. What do you understand by Laser Diodes?
12. What do you understand by form factor and peak factor?
13. What are the basic components that are required for generator action to exits?
14. What is the method to determine the number of lamps in the final sub-circuit?
15. Explain the difference between active and passive components.
16. What do you understand by capacitance?

Frequently Asked Questions on Electronics Engineering Notes

Question 1.
Is electronics engineering a good career option?

Answer:
Electronics engineering is among the type of engineering that is growing at an alarming rate which is why it is creating more career options for the aspiring candidates. In electronics engineering, a candidate can choose from various career paths in which he/she has an interest. He/she should first evaluate his/her skills so that he/she can know where he/she is good at. According to this, students should select their career path. According to present conditions choosing electronics engineering as a career is a great choice.

Question 2.
What are the skills required for electronics engineering?

Answer:
Electronics engineering is a course which is getting popular each day. So many students are interested in choosing electronics engineering as their career. But just choosing is not enough; the students need to have some skills to understand the subjects in this course and perform well in its exam to become an expert. Skills required for electronics engineering are as follows: –

• Critical Thinking
• Strong Interest in Technology
• Complex Problem Solving Skills
• Aptitude for Maths
• Communication Skills
• Strong IT Skills
• Time Management

Question 3.
Is coding necessary for electronics engineering students?

Answer:
Electronics engineering is a technical course and involves subjects that are based on advanced technologies. Thus, in electronics engineering coding is mandatory. Students of electronic engineering need to learn every concept and aspect of coding to become successful in this career path. A student with coding knowledge can have a lot of career options to choose from. Students with coding knowledge are also placed in good IT companies with high salary packages. So, students should aim to understand coding in an appropriate way for having a successful career as an electronics engineer. Recently, the demand for coding is increasing at an alarming rate.

Question 4.
Which job is best for electronics engineering?

Answer:
With the advancement of technology, the engineering field is experiencing a reasonable demand. Many students are attracted to this field. Not only students but many multinational companies are recruiting students from an engineering background. Among all engineering courses, electronics engineering is one of the best and is offering students with best career options. Students with this degree are getting placed at good companies. Some of the companies hiring electronics engineers are:-

1. Wipro
2. HCL
3. ISRO
4. Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited
5. Electronics Corporation of India Limited
6. Syntel

Conclusion

Electronics engineering notes act as saviours for the students to achieve success in the exams. These notes are the best option to give students a detailed view of the subject and also helps in strengthening their core knowledge in this subject. These notes make sure that the students achieve expertise in this course and secure the highest possible marks in the exams. The questions included in these notes are most likely to come in the exam, thus making the preparation productive for the students. Students, after completing these notes, will gain the required confidence that they need to achieve success in electronics engineering.

Dynamics of Machinery Lecture Notes: Planning to choose a career in the field of Dynamics of Machinery. Acquiring the notes will help you to get good marks in the exam. This note includes a comprehensive study plan, all-important information and timetable. Students will get information about the latest Reference Books, Syllabus and Important Questions List for Dynamics of Machinery Lecture Notes.

Dynamics of Machinery Lecture Notes are one of the essential study materials that can improve the students preparation for the exam. Candidates with the help of these notes can score better marks.

The article given below helps the students access the best Dynamics of Machinery Lecture Notes as per the latest curriculum.

• Dynamics of Machinery Lecture Notes and Study Material Free Download
• Dynamics of Machinery Reference Books
• Dynamics of Machinery Syllabus
• List of Dynamics of Machinery Lecture Notes Important Questions
• FAQs on Dynamics of Machinery Lecture Notes
• Conclusion

Introduction to Dynamics of Machinery Notes

Dynamics of machinery is a theoretical branch of study dealing with the mechanisms of machines and its motions by accounting for the different forces that act on them. This subject is concerned with understanding some basic problems such as: defining which laws govern the mechanisms of movement of the machines, understanding the control of the mechanisms, investigating the implications of friction and figuring how the balance works in the machines.

To understand the laws related to the motion of elements, mathematical tools such as differential equations are employed to characterize the forces acting on the system or the machine unit, one that usually comprises elements like a motor, transmission, and some control elements.

Dynamics of Machinery Lecture Notes and Study Material Free Download

In Dynamics of Machinery, you will learn the fundamentals of machinery, its terms, Effect of Precession motion and different aspects of the topic. Learning from Dynamics of Machinery Lecture Notes helps the student become active, so the learning process is improved. Aspirants can start their preparation with all the tools to help them score better marks in the exam. The students can refer and use the Dynamics of Machinery Lecture Notes pdf and Study Materials as a reference. Students pursuing mechanical engineering can also download PDF notes.

Dynamics of Machinery Lecture Notes Reference Books

Reference books for Dynamics of Machinery Lecture Notes are an essential source of information. It provides explanations and necessary information about the topics. Students should refer to books recommended by subject experts as it will help them to understand the subject accurately. Candidates will understand the topics if they consult the latest version that includes the updated syllabus. Here is a list of the best-recommended books for Dynamics of Machinery Lecture Notes.

Books	Author
Theory of Machines	Sadhu Singh
Theory of Machines	Thomas Bevan
Design of Machinery	Robert L Norton
Dynamics of Machinery	S Balaguru
Kinematics and Dynamics of Machinery	Norton
Theory of Machines	S S Ratan
Machine and Mechanism Theory	J S Rao and R V Dukkipati
Theory of Machines	Khurmi

Dynamics of Machinery Syllabus

The best way to commence your preparation for the Dynamics of Machinery Lecture Notes course is to understand the syllabus and the topics of the subject. The syllabus of Dynamics of Machinery is a reliable course planning tool that plans and organises the subject for a student. The article on Dynamics of Machinery Lecture Notes provides a detailed structure along with the latest and updated syllabus, keeping in mind every student’s requirements and assessing their preparation efficiency.

The curriculum of Dynamics of Machinery provides students a clear idea about what and how to study and analyse the subject. The article on Dynamics of Machinery Lecture Notes presents all the essential topics under each unit so that students can allot time for each topic and prepare accordingly. Students must cover all the unit-wise topics before attempting the Dynamics of Machinery exam so that the exam paper is easy to answer. The updated syllabus also assures that students remain aware of the Dynamics of Machinery updated syllabus to prevent from wasting unnecessary time on irrelevant topics.

Here is a list of the updated syllabus for Dynamics of Machinery

Unit I Precession	Gyroscopes Effect of Precession motion Static and Dynamic Force analysis of planar mechanisms
Unit II Friction	Inclined Plane Friction of Screw and Nuts Pivot and Collar Uniform and Pressure Uniform Wear Friction Circle and Friction Axis Boundary Friction Film Lubrication
Unit III Clutches	Friction Clutches – Plate Clutch or Single Disc Multiple Disc Clutch Cone Clutch Centrifugal Clutch Brakes and Dynamometers Simple Block Brakes Internal Expanding Brake Band Brake of Vehicle Dynamometers – Transmission and Absorption General Description and Methods of Operations
Unit IV Turning Moment Diagram and Flywheels	Turning Moment – Torque Connecting Inertia Torque Diagrams Fluctuation of Energy Fly Wheels and their Design
Unit V GOVERNORS	Watt Porter and P roell Governors Sensitiveness Isochronism and Hunting
Unit VI BALANCING	Multiple and Single – Balancing of Rotating Masses Single and Different planes
Unit VII Balancing of Reciprocating Masses	Primary ,Secondary and higher Balancing of reciprocating Masses Unbalanced Forces and Couples Locomotive Balancing Hammer Blow Swaying Couple Variation of Tractive Efforts.
Unit VIII Vibration	Oscillation of Pendulums Centers of Suspension and Oscillations Transverse loads Dunkerley’s Method Rayleigh’s Method Critical Speeds Torsional Vibration Transmissibility

List of Dynamics of Machinery Important Questions

Candidates pursuing Dynamics of Machinery can refer to the list of all the essential questions stated below for the Dynamics of Machinery Lecture Notes. The assigned questions are aimed to help the students to excel in the examination. Here is a list of questions that will help the students to understand the subject precisely.

1. State the term static force analysis.
2. Distinguish between free body and space diagram.
3. When will the two force members be in equilibrium?
4. Distinguish the difference between dynamic force analysis and static force analysis.
5. Define the term D’Alembert’s principle.
6. State the principle of superposition
7. What is Piston effort?
8. What are the fundamentals of an equivalent dynamical system?
9. Explain the term Inertia force.
10. State the difference between the flywheel and governor function.

Frequently Asked Questions on Dynamics of Machinery Lecture Notes

Question 1.
How are the Dynamics of Machinery Lecture notes and study materials Important?

Answer:
The notes of Dynamics of Machinery provides students a clear idea about what and how to study and analyse the subject. It gives students time for each topic to prepare accordingly.

Question 2.
Name some of the Reference books of Dynamics of Machinery?

Answer:
Some of the Reference books of Dynamics of Machinery: Theory of Machines, Dynamics of Machinery, Machine and Mechanism Theory and Design of Machinery.

Question 3.
State the term inertia?

Answer:
Inertia is the property of matter offering resistance to any change of uniform motion in a straight line or its state of rest .

Question 4.
Name some of the topics of Dynamics of Machinery?

Answer:
Some of the topics of Dynamics of Machinery: Gyroscopes, BALANCING, Oscillation of Pendulums, Watt and Centers of Suspension and Oscillations

Conclusion on Dynamics of Machinery Lecture Notes

The Dynamics of Machinery Lecture Notes and Study Materials presented above are aimed to assist the students at the time of exam preparations. They are reliable and have authoritative references focused on helping graduates and improving their knowledge and understanding of the subject during the time of preparation of the exam. Students can refer and practice from the provided notes for Dynamics of Machinery and essential questions from this article.

DRREDDY Pivot Calculator

Tribology Notes: Tribology is an important topic for the students of mechanical engineering and also other branches of the field. The course covers many vital concepts like the designing of tribology system, interfaces between different bodies, and other fundamental topics too like different characters of surfaces, mechanisms for metals, lubrications and others.

Tribology has some variations as nano-tribology and macro-tribology, and the course also covers these concepts and relationships between them. Students can refer to the Big Data Lecture Notes For CSE as per the latest and updated syllabus from this article.

The article carries all the vital details and descriptions that are necessary for understanding every concept deeply and get the best practice and preparation for them. Starting from the notes and reference books and moving on to the curriculum and important questions, the article contains all the matters with updated descriptions.

Every content available in this article for Tribology is precisely and expertly designed by the top professionals of the subject available with us. These professionals go through harder test series and interview procedures to get selected and prove their skills to be part of our team. We understand the needs of the students to have the best study materials and books for preparing everything finely and get the best results in the examination. Thus, we make sure that the content we provide has everything catering to their needs.

Furthermore, all the available contents mentioned in this article will boost up the entire learning process for the students and make them the champions of tribology subject and all of the included basic and advance level concepts.

Here is a list of all the contents available in this article:

• Introduction to Tribology
• Tribology Reference Books
• Tribology Curriculum
• List of Tribology Important Questions
• Frequently Asked Questions
• Conclusion

Introduction to Tribology

Tribology is the concept of science that deals with friction, wear and lubrication for the surfaces. It covers the contents of how the interacting surfaces and some tribo-elements react in the presence of relative motion in artificial and natural environments. The subject also contains brief about the lubrication and bearing designs.

It is not an isolated concept of science and is a more complex one. It is a wider and multidisciplinary endeavour in which the advances begin by collaborated efforts of the researchers from mechanical engineering, material science and engineering, manufacturing, chemical engineering, and other related fields.

Wear and friction are not types of material properties. They are mainly the responses to certain tribology systems, that includes a combination of the shaft, bearing, and lubricants. Many other factors also influence them.

The entire tribological system contains operational or stress inputs, loss and functional outputs, and the system structure. The collective stress also includes physical and technical load parameters, including the sliding speed, load, and duration apart from the temperature conditions and the movement details. The system structure is also determined by some specific properties of substantial elements, including the opposing body, ambient, and the base.

Tribology is a vast subject and contains many other concepts that are briefly described in the provided notes and books in the article.

Tribology Notes and Study material PDF Free Download

Tribology notes and study materials contain brief descriptions about all the basic and advance level concepts related to the entire subject. The notes and study materials are professionally designed concepts to help the students in getting the best preparation and learning material for the topics and get the best results in all the examinations.

Tribology is a vast topic with many difficult and confusing topics, and the study materials are precisely designed, making sure that the students of all the skill-levels easily understand all the concepts.

The study materials also carry examples and solved questions related to different topics of the subject, apart from the brief descriptions of them, and thus are essential for the students.

Furthermore, these materials are beneficial for all the types of learning, starting from the institutional level to the competitive level and real-life application-based learning. The notes are available in the easily downloadable pdf formats, making it easier for the students to access them anytime and anywhere.

Tribology Reference Books

Reference books also play a key role in the entire learning and preparation process of the students. Some highly certified and credited global experts of the subject compiles these books using all their experience and thus ensures that the students can get everything related to a subject complied up at a single place. Manu of these reference books also has their different updated versions according to the changing global needs of the syllabus.

Mentioned Tribology reference books are the most recommended ones for the global students, and they are preferred even by several professionals to get more assistance on several related concepts.

Tribology reference books also carry many other things apart from just the basic descriptions of several topics, like the related and supporting examples, solved and unsolved problem statements, real-life applications, syllabus, and many more things.

Here is a list of some top reference books that the students must consider while preparing for Tribology:

• “Introduction to Tribology”, B. Bhushan, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 2002
• “Engineering Tribology”, Prasanta Sahoo, PHI Learning Private Ltd, New Delhi, 2011.
• “Engineering Tribology”, J. A. Williams, Oxford Univ. Press, 2005.
• “Introduction to Tribology in bearings”, B. C. Majumdar, Wheeler Publishing.
• “Tribology, Friction and Wear of Engineering Material”, I. M.Hutchings, Edward Arnold, London,1992.
• “Engineering Tribology”, G. W. Stachowiak and A. W. Batchelor, Butterworth-Heinemann,1992.
• “Friction and Wear of Materials”, Ernest Rabinowicz, John Wiley & sons,1995.
• “Basic Lubrication Theory”, A. Cameron, Ellis Hardwoods Ltd., UK.
• “Handbook of tribology: materials, coatings and surface treatments”, B.Bhushan, B.K. Gupta, McGraw-Hill,1997.

Tribology Curriculum

Tribology Curriculum and syllabus contains the description of the included topics and concepts in the right sequence. This content if the article is essential for the students to know about all the included topics and the right sequence to be followed for preparing them.

The syllabus is highly useful in the lives of the students learning mechanical engineering who will have the most use of the concepts of Tribology in their future lives. It helps them to understand everything well without any confusion and also understand the related concepts well while following a proper sequence.

Given below is the updated syllabus of Tribology as accepted by many top institutions and Universities:

Module-1: Introduction to Tribology	Historical background Practical importance, and subsequent uses in the field Lubricants: Types and specific applications Properties of lubricants Viscosity and its measurement Effect of temperature and pressure on viscosity Lubrication types Standard grades of lubricants Selection of lubricants.
Module-2: Friction and Wear	Origin of Friction Friction theories Measurement methods The friction of metals and non-metals. Classification and mechanisms of wear Delamination theory Debris analysis Testing methods and standards Related case studies.
Module-3: Hydrodynamic journal bearings	Friction forces and power loss in lightly loaded journal bearings Petroff’s equation Mechanism of pressure development in the oil film Reynold’s equation in 2D. Introduction to idealized journal bearing Load carrying capacity Condition for equilibrium Sommerfeld’s number and its significance Partial bearings End leakages in journal bearing Numerical examples on full journal bearings only.
Module-4: Plane slider bearings with shoe	Pressure distribution Load carrying capacity Coefficient of Friction Frictional resistance in a fixed/pivoted shoe bearing Center of pressure Numerical examples.
Module-5: Hydrostatic Lubrication	Introduction to hydrostatic lubrication Hydrostatic step bearings Load carrying capacity  Oil flow through the hydrostatic step bearing Numerical examples.
Module-6: Bearing Materials	Commonly used bearings materials Properties of typical bearing materials Advantages and disadvantages of bearing materials. Concept and scope of surface engineering Surface modification  Transformation hardening, surface melting, thermochemical processes Surface Coating Plating, fusion processes, and vapour phase processes Selection of coating for wear and corrosion resistance.

List of Tribology Important Questions

Important questions also add up while practising and preparing the concepts of any subject. In Tribology too they play a vital role as they help the students in getting a clear idea about the right way in which the questions are created from several included topics and how they must prepare themselves to answer all the questions and get the best outcomes successfully.

There are many important questions provided the certified boards for the students to have the best-supported assistance. Here is a list of some of the important questions of Tribology to help the students practice well according to the mentioned and previously asked questions:

• Explain Tribology.
• Write the fundamentals of Tribology.
• Explain the primary challenges faced by the top Tribologists.
• Describe friction and wear.
• What are the outcomes of applying Tribology to the bearing design?
• Explain the role of Tribology in ensuring measurable product enhancement.
• Explain how Tribology improves efficiency and extends the servicing life of the bearing
• materials.
• Write some examples of advancements in bearing technology and research.
• Explain the applications and uses of Tribology.
• What does an Engineer must consider while designing the products or wear and friction experiments?
• Explain the GGB’s approach to deliver the best bearing solutions with Tribological expertise.
• Explain some of the achievements of GGB in Tribology.
• How is Tribology effective in reducing the requirement of liquid lubricants?
• What are the impacts of the shaft and transfer layer on the performance of Tribology?
• What are the essential factors of Tribology in the bearing selection? What are the effects of these factors on bearing selection?

Frequently Asked Questions on Tribology Notes

Question 1. 
Explain the main challenges faced by the tribologists.

Answer: 
The main challenge that the Tribologists face is that they wear vale and the friction value are not transferred easily from one system to the other. Comparison between the calculated and measured values is also not feasible when taken under consideration for the similar Tribological systems. The Tribological behaviour for different materials can be estimated only for some specific applications based on simulation testing and modulation.

Question 3.
How is Tribology effective in reducing the requirement of liquid lubricants?

Answer: 
Lubricants are a vital part of the entire Tribology subject. However, in certain scenarios, the lubricant is generated by the tribo-system components and the materials.

Thus, the material designers come up with some specific materials for the dryer lubrication conditions and achieving a better Tribological performance in terms of wear and friction with a reduction of the liquid lubricants.

Conclusion

This article contains the best lecture material and reference books for the students of mechanical engineering who need to learn the subject of tribology and understand dealing with friction, lubricants, and wear. The article also contains some important questions to help the students get a brief about the problems types and get the best practice for the subject. This is an important article for all mechanical engineering students worldwide.

DIXON Pivot Calculator

BTech Metallurgical Engineering Third Year Notes PDF Free Download: Aspirants who are wondering regarding the Btech Metallurgical Engineering 3rd Year Lecture Notes & study material pdf can refer to this page completely. Here, you can find the better preparation resources along with the III Yr I & II Semester Btech Metallurgical Engineering Handwritten Notes PDF.

Aid your preparation with this best solution ie., Bachelor of Technology Third Year Metallurgical Engineering Lecture Notes by downloading them through accessible links prevailing here. You can either view these Btech Metallurgy 3rd Yr Notes, study materials online/offline with the help of PDF format. So, learn well and score good grades in the exams.

• Download BTech Metallurgical Engineering 3rd Year Sem-Wise Notes & Study Materials PDF Free
• JNTUH BTech Third Year Metallurgical Engineering Syllabus
• JNTUK Bachelor of Technology III Year Metallurgical Engineering Syllabus
• Major Universities BTech Metallurgica Engineering 3rd Year Syllabus
• List of Suggested Books for Btech Metallurgical Engineering III Year Course Subjects
• FAQs on BTech Metallurgical Engineering Third Year Notes Free PDF

Download BTech Metallurgical Engineering 3rd Year Sem-Wise Notes & Study Materials PDF Free

Get BTech Metallurgical Engineering Third Yeat Subject-wise Notes Pdf in this section and ace up your preparation for sem exams. Along with the Lecture notes pdf download, you may also find the Bachelor of Technology Metallurgy Engineering Third Year Syllabus, Referenece Books List, etc. for self-study and better preparation. These study notes of Btech 3rd Year Metallurgical Engineering helps students to download offline easily and prepare well during their learnings.

• Managerial Economics and Financial Analysis Notes
• Robotics Lecture Notes
• DBMS Handwritten Notes
• CAD CAM Lecture Notes

JNTUH BTech Third Year Metallurgical Engineering Syllabus

Aspirants are recommended to check out the Jntuh Btech Metallurgical Engineering 3rd year Syllabus from here and grasp all subjects covered in Sem-1 & Sem-2. Also, you can view JNTUK & other institutes’ Bachelor of Technology in Metallurgy Engineering Third Year Syllabus list via the below sections.

III Year I Semester:

• Management Fundamentals for Engineers
• Professional Elective – I
• Fuels, Furnaces & Refractories
• Nanomaterials
• Computational Materials Engineering
• Mechanical Metallurgy
• Iron Making and Steel Making Technologies
• Materials Processing – I
• Mechanical Metallurgy lab
• Materials Processing Lab -I
• Fuels Lab

III Year II Semester:

• Open Elective – I
• Engineering Materials
• Metallurgy for Non-Metallurgists
• Non-Ferrous Extractive Metallurgy
• Materials Processing – II
• Environmental Degradation of Materials
• Professional Elective – II
• Advanced Iron and Steel Making
• Composite Materials
• Electronic Materials
• Materials Processing Lab -II
• Advanced English Communication Skills Lab
• Environmental Degradation of Materials Lab
• Indian Constitution

JNTUK Bachelor of Technology III Year Metallurgical Engineering Syllabus

III Yr I Sem:

• Foundry Technology
• Steel Making
• Managerial Economics and Financial Analysis
• Phase Transformations and Heat Treatment
• Material Testing and Evaluation
• Foundry Technology Lab
• Heat Treatment Lab
• Material Testing and Evaluation Lab
• IPR & Patents

III Yr II Sem:

• Materials Joining Techniques
• Industrial Engineering and Management
• Materials Characterization
• Metal Forming
• OPEN ELECTIVE

1. Waste Water Management
2. Robotics
3. DBMS
4. CAD/CAM
5. Functional Materials
6. Metallurgical Analysis

• Materials Joining Lab
• Metal Forming Lab
• Materials Characterization Lab
• Professional Ethics & Human Values

Some of the Major Universities Prescribed BTech Metallurgica Engineering 3rd Year Syllabus

SEMESTER 5	SEMESTER 6
Deformation and Fracture Behaviour of Materials	Steel Making
Physics Metallurgy- I	Foundry Metallurgy
Iron Making	Extraction of Non-ferrous Metals
Chemical Kinetics and Mass Transfer	Solid-State Phase Transformation Processes
Electro-Chemistry and Corrosion	Physics of Metals

List of Suggested Books for Btech Metallurgical Engineering III Year Course Subjects

Here is the list of recommended books for Btech 3rd year metallurgical engineering course subjects, that students may get help from during their preparation.

• Metals Handbook Vol. 5 published by ASM, Ohio’
• Making Shaping and Treating of Steels by United States Steel Corporation, Pittsburgh.
• Dr. B. Kuberudu and Dr. T. V. Ramana: Managerial Economics & Financial Analysis, Himalaya Publishing House, 2014.
• Heat Treatment of metals-Zakharv-Mir Publishers
• Engineering Materials Science – CW Richards
• Intellectual Property Rights (Patents & Cyber Law), Dr. A. Srinivas. Oxford University Press, New Delhi.
• JF Lancaster: Welding Metallurgy
• Operations Management by J.G Monks, McGrawHill Publishers
• Modern Metallographic Techniques & their application – victor Phillips
• Kurt Lange “Handbook of Metal Forming”, Society of Manufacturing Engineers. Michigan, USA, 1988
• Environmental Engineering-II: Sewage disposal and Air pollution Engineering, by Garg, S.K., Khanna publishers
• Robotic Engineering / Richard D. Klafter, Prentice Hall
• Database Systems design, Implementation, and Management, Peter Rob & Carlos Coronel 7th Edition.
• Mel Schwartz, “ Encyclopedia of Smart Materials”, Vol. I, John Wiley and Sons, USA, 2002
• Agarwal, B.C. and Jain S.P., A Text Book of Metallurgical Analysis, Khanna Publishers, Delhi -1963

Metallurgy and Materials Important Questions List

• What is a Metallic Bond? How does the type of bonding influence the properties of crystals?
• Explain Gibbs Phase Rule and its Importance?
• Describe Ionic Bond, Covalent Bond, Metallic Bond?
• Draw the unit cells of BCC, FCC, HCP crystal structures?
• Explain the importance of equilibrium diagrams in the development of new alloys?
• Define peritectic, eutectoid, and eutectic reactions?
• Explain electron compounds?
• What are intermetallic compounds?
• Name the allotropic forms of iron and explain the lattice structure of each?
• Draw the iron-iron carbide equilibrium diagram and label all the regions?
• What are carbides?
• Explain various nitrides?
• Discuss applications of c-c composites?
• Write briefly about thermoplastics and thermosetting plastics?
• Explain the manufacture of Fibre reinforced plastic and Bring out the typical applications of FRP?

FAQs on BTech Metallurgical Engineering Third Year Notes Free PDF

1. How do I study for Btech Metallurgy and Materials Notes for 3rd Yr Semester Exams?

Making proper class notes while teaching the concepts is the best way to learn the concepts deeply & easily. Students who are irregular to their classes can go with the Btech Metallurgical Engineering Third Year Notes available on this page. This helps you to study well for sem exams and get a good grip on the subjects.

2. Is practicing the concepts involved in 3rd Year Btech metallurgy engineering notes important for high marks?

Having the right prep resources like Btech Metallurgy 3rd Year lecture notes and suggested books in your hands while practicing daily will enhance your subject knowledge and score well in the upcoming exams.

3. How can I get Btech Third Year Metallurgy and Materials Handwritten Notes Pdf online?

BtechGeeks.com offers all the study materials like notes, books, previous question papers list, etc. for every BTech course student. If you want free Pdf formatted Btech Metallurgical Engineering Notes for third year two-semester subjects to access & download offline then go to the site and get it right away for better preparation.

Final Words

We think the data provided above regarding the BTech Metallurgical Engineering Third Year Notes Pdf aid in your preparation. If you need more information regarding Btech Notes, Syllabus, Reference Books for Btech 3rd Yr Metallurgical course, drop a comment or visit our site BtechGeeks.com

Permutation and Combination Notes: Candidates desiring to have a good grasp of mathematics in a comprehensive manner can obtain notes of Permutation and Combination to understand the topic precisely. The Permutation And Combination Notes comprise a comprehensive study plan and all-important information. Students will get information about the latest Reference Books, Syllabus, and Important Questions List for Permutation And Combination Notes.

The Permutation and Combination Notes Pdf are one of the essential study materials that can improve the students’ preparation for the exam. Students can score better marks with the help of these notes. Students can refer to the Big Data Lecture Notes For CSE as per the latest and updated syllabus from this article.

The article given below helps the students access the best Permutation And Combination Notes Pdf as per the latest curriculum.

• Introduction to Permutation and Combination
• Permutation and Combination Notes PDF and Study Material – Free Download
• Permutation and Combination Definition
• Permutations and Combinations Formulas
• Permutation and Combination Notes Reference Books
• Permutation and Combination Notes PDF Syllabus
• List of Permutation and Combination Important Questions
• What is Permutation?
• Define the term Combination.
• How does the syllabus of Permutation and Combination help students for their exam?
• Name some of the reference books for Permutation and Combination.

Introduction to Permutation and Combination

The process of arranging all the elements of a set into some sequence or order is known as permutation. Permutations transpire, in more or less prominent forms, in almost every area of mathematics. They often arise when several orderings on certain finite sets are considered. The process of selecting items from a collection, such that the order of selection does not matter is known as combination. It is likely possible to count the number of combinations. Both the Permutation and Combination concepts are a fundamental part of Mathematics.

Permutation and Combination Notes PDF and Study Material – Free Download

Permutations and Combinations is an important chapter in Class 11 Maths and you can refer to our Notes to score well in exams. In Permutation And Combination Notes Pdf, you will learn about the basic concepts of the subject and different aspects of the topic. The study materials and notes help the learner to become more active so that the learning process is developed. The students can refer to and use the Permutation And Combination Notes Pdf and Study Materials as a reference. Students pursuing graduation can also download PDF notes. Students can refer to the following formats for Notes for Permutation And Combination and increase their efficiency and problem-solving skills to achieve excellent grades in the exams.

• Permutation and Combination PDF
• Permutation and Combination Notes PDF
• Permutation and Combination Lecture notes PDF
• Permutation and Combination Handwritten Notes PDF
• Permutation and Combination Question bank with answers PDF
• Permutation and Combination of previous year PDF papers
• Permutation and Combination Notes PPT

Permutation and Combination Definition

Permutation: A permutation is defined as the arrangement of a set of members or objects into a sequence or order. Order matters in case of Permutations.

Combination: Combination is a way of choosing items from a collection and order doesn’t matter here.

Permutations and Combinations Formulas

Permutation Formulas: The number of an arrangement of n objects taken r at a time, where 0 < r ≤ n, denoted by nP_r is given by (n!) / (n-r)!. 

• The number of Permutations of n different objects taken r at a time is given by p₁ + p₂ + p₃ + … + p_k = n = n!/p₁!p₂!p₃!…..pk!
• Number of permutation of n different objects taken r at a time, When a particular object is to be included in each arrangement is r. ^n-1P_r-1
• When a particular object is always excluded, then a number of arrangements = ^n-1P_r.
• The number of permutations of n different objects taken all at a time when m specified objects always come together is m! (n – m + 1)!.
• The number of permutations of n different objects taken all at a time when m specified objects never come together is n! – m! (n – m + 1)!

Combination Formulas: r things can be made to choose from n things all at a time in a combination then the formula is nC_r= (nP_r )/( r!)

Relationship between  Permutation and Combination is ⁿC_r = ⁿP_r/r

Permutation and Combination Reference Books

Reference books for Permutation And Combination Notes are an essential source of information. The reference books provide necessary information and explanation about the topics. The books referred by subject experts help students to understand the subject accurately. Candidates will understand the topics if they understand the updated syllabus thoroughly. Here is a list of the best-recommended books for Permutation And Combination Notes.

• Essential Permutations and Combinations by Tim Hill
• Permutation and Combinations by Chandra Ramesh
• Principles and Techniques in Combinatorics by KOH KHEE MENG
• Mastering Permutations and Combination: Probability by Duo Code
• The Ultimate Beginner’s Guide to Permutations & Combinations: Probability by Arthur Taff
• Choice and Chance, with one thousand exercises by William Allen Whitworth
• Combination, Permutations, Probabilities by A. Nicolaides
• Schaum’s Outline of Combinatorics by V. Balakrishnan
• Introductory Combinatorics by Kenneth P. Bogart

Permutation and Combination Notes PDF Syllabus

The best way to commence your preparation for the Mathematics course is to understand the Permutation And Combination syllabus and the topics of the subject. The syllabus of Permutation And Combination is an important part of the Mathematics course.  The article on Permutation And Combination Notes provides a detailed structure along with the latest and updated syllabus, keeping in mind every student’s requirements and assessing their preparation efficiency. It is a reliable course planning tool that plans and organizes the subject for a student.

The Permutation And Combination Notes is an integral part of the maths curriculum that provides the students a clear idea about what and how to study the subject. The article on Permutation And Combination Notes presents all the essential topics under this section so that students can allot time for each topic and prepare accordingly. Students must cover all the topics before attempting the Maths exam so that the exam paper is easy to answer. The updated syllabus also assures that students remain aware of the Permutation And Combination Notes updated syllabus to prevent wasting unnecessary time on irrelevant topics.

Here is a list of the updated syllabus for Permutation And Combination Notes

Topics	Description
Fundamental Principle of Counting	Multiple Principle of Accounting Additional Principle of Accounting
Permutation	Counting Formula for Permutation N Distinct object Permutation when repetition is allowed N arrangement of things when all are not distinct
Circular Permutation	Different Things Taken r at a time and  number of circular permutations of n
Combinations	Counting Formula for Combinations Identical and Distinct Objects Selections Arrangements in Groups

List of Permutation and Combination Important Questions

Candidates pursuing mathematics can refer to the list of all the essential questions of Permutation and Combination stated below. Here is a list of questions that are aimed to help the students to excel in the examination and understand the subject precisely.

• How many different words can be created, using all the letters of the word GIFT?
• Find out the three-digit numbers that can be created applying all the digits of 2, 3, and 4.
• What are the other words the letters of the word MAGIC are made?
• What are permutations? Give examples.
• What are some of the real-life examples of combinations and Permutations?
• Write the relation between permutations and combinations.
• Give examples of the difference between permutations and combinations?
• What is the formula of Permutation and Combinations?

Frequently Asked Questions on Permutation and Combination Notes

Question 1.
What is Permutation?

Answer:
The process of arranging all the elements of a set into some sequence or order is known as permutation. Permutations transpire, in more or less prominent forms, in almost every area of mathematics.

Question 2.
Define the term Combination.

Answer:
The process of selecting items from a collection, such that the order of selection does not matter is known as combination.

Question 3.
How does the syllabus of Permutation and Combination help students for their exam?

Answer:  
The syllabus of Permutation And Combination is a reliable course planning tool that plans and organises the subject for a student. It presents all the essential topics so that students can allot time for each topic and prepare accordingly.

Question 4.
Name some of the reference books for Permutation and Combination.

Answer:
Some of the reference books for Permutation and Combination are:

• Permutations, Combination, Probabilities
• Schaum’s Outline of Combinatorics
• Permutation and Combinations
• Introductory Combinatorics

Conclusion

The Permutation And Combination Notes PDF and Study Materials presented above are aimed to assist the students at the time of exam preparations. They have authoritative references and are reliable and focus on helping graduates and improving their knowledge and understanding of the subject during the time of preparation of the exam. Students can refer and practice from the provided notes for Permutation And Combination Notes and essential questions from this article.

Control Systems Lecture Notes PDF Download: Control Systems can be a difficult subject to understand in its entirety, what with it being an important subject for engineering courses. Studying can be very tough sometimes, but it is also one of the most important things in a student’s life.

It is imperative to get great marks in all your subjects so that your marks card looks outstanding at the end of each semester. Students can also visit Department Wise Lecture Notes for Preparation.

We know and understand the pressure to do well and to help you achieve that, we have provided certain reference materials to keep handy when studying. These should be helpful for all students of course Control Systems as they have been carefully put together by us keeping only the students’ welfare in mind. A list of study material and lecture notes of the Control System is as follows;

• Control Systems Lecture Notes
• Control System reference books
• Control System Course Syallbus & Curriculum
• List of Control Systems important questions
• Frequently asked questions about Control Systems
• Conclusion on Concepts of Control System PDF Notes

Introduction to Control System Notes – Free PDF Download

As mentioned before, we all know the problem that comes with the necessity to perform well in our exams. Our performance in exams may make or break what’s to return in our careers ahead in our lives. Thus, to ease your nervousness and anxiety, here are some carefully crafted Control System Study Notes pdf links for you.

• Introduction to Feedback Control Systems Lecture Notes
• Free PDF Notes for Control System
• II Year II Sem Control System Engineering Lecture Notes
• PDF Handwritten Control System Study Material & Questions
• Control Systems Study Notes PDF
• Control Systems (CS) PDF Notes

B.Tech Electronics Control System (CSE) Course – Free PDF Notes To Download

Control Systems focuses on exactly what its name says – on the controlling of machines by providing a user with the desired response which is gained by controlling the output on that machine or device by changing the input.

A Control System is used to decide the behaviour of a machine, device, or system using what we call control loops. Control loops are the central and most important component of the subjects in Control Systems; they adjust values in the input such that it will change the output to your desire. The control loop has other several functions that come together to make a Control System work.

Control Systems Reference Textbooks

It is important for a student to learn how to read and make proper use of a reference book. Reference book of feedback control systems for all subjects provide students with that bit of extra information which can be used to score exceptional marks. They also provide you with extra knowledge, oftentimes which is somewhat outside the course limits which is taught in classes.

This kind of knowledge remains with you for your life rather than just for an exam. So, check out the control system syllabus where it includes the concept like stability analysis, state-space, controllability and observability, signal flow block diagrams, state transition matrix, and phase margin, etc.

The lectures on all these concepts are explained elaborately in provided control systems lecture notes pdf download. Below, there have been listed several Control Systems reference notes pdf for the students.

Extra readings for courses like engineering can help you out with several tips and tricks through getting to know more about the subject matter topics at hand.

Here is the list of recommended textbooks for Control Systems:

• Control Systems Engineering – IJ Nagrath, M Gopal
• Automatic Control Systems – BC Kuo
• Feedback Control of Dynamic Systems – GF Franklin, A Emami-Naeini
• Problems and Solutions in Control System Engineering – Deepa
• Control Systems Engineering – Norman Nise
• Control System Engineering: Analysis and Design – Norman Nise
• Control Systems: Theory and Applications – Ghosh
• Automatic Control Systems – Farid Golnaraghi
• Control Systems – Kumar Anand
• Problems and Solutions of Control Systems with Essential Theory – Jairath AK

Control Systems Curriculum

Using this Control System curriculum, students can make checklists of all the topics and keep ticking off the topics that they have finished. The importance of keeping in good spirits is immense when it comes to studying because when feeling low can make retention of what you’re learning ineffective.

An added benefit of having the control system course curriculum at hand is that you don’t miss out on a single topic, and in the process, it enables you to be fully prepared for the coming examination. Below is the unit-wise and topic-wise breakdown of the concepts of Control Systems like stability analysis of CSE & frequency response analysis Syllabus & curriculum.

Unit	Topics
Basic Concepts	Introduction Basic terminology Objective of subject Some basic examples Notion of feedback Open and closed loop systems
Mathematical Models	Representation of physical systems and analogous systems Laplace transforms Block diagrams Transfer function for different types of systems Block diagram reduction techniques Signal flow graphs Mason’s gain formula
Control Hardware and Their Models	Potentiometers Synchros LVDT DC and AC servo motors Tachogenerators Electro-hydraulic valves Pneumatic actuators
Time-Domain Analysis	Time domain performance criterion Transient response of first order, second order and higher order systems Steady state errors Static and dynamic error constants System types Steady state errors for unity and non unity feedback systems Performance analysis for P, PI and PID controllers
Frequency-Domain Analysis	Bode and polar plots Frequency-domain specification Correlation between transient response and frequency response
Stability Analysis	Concept of stability by Routh stability criterion Nyquist stability criterion Gain and phase margins Relative stability Constant m and N circles Nichol’s chart and its application
Root-Locus Technique	Nature of root-locus Rules of construction Root-locus analysis of control systems
Compensation	Types of compensation Proportional, PI and PID controllers Lead-lag compensators
State-Space Concepts	Eigenvalues and eigenvectors The solution of state equations Controllability Observability Pole placement result Minimal representations
Non-Linear Systems	Characteristics of non-linear systems Types of non-linearities Phase-plane analysis Limit cycles Describing functions

List of Control Systems Important Questions

We have provided some Control Systems important questions for you which have been picked up from Control Systems question papers over the years. These will help you get a good idea of the kinds of questions which will be asked and it will also help you understand how you should study for the exam.

There are only 5 marks questions and 10 marks questions which come in the Control Systems question paper.

5 marks questions

1. Explain the second order time domain specifications of a Control System.
2. Explain frequency domain specifications of a third order control system.
3. Sketch the root locus for a system having the following transfer function:
   G(s)=k(s+1)/(s+3)
4. Compare and contrast between open loop and closed loop control systems.
5. Discuss the working of a stepper model and service a suitable mathematical model for it.

10 marks questions

1. Distinguish between order and type of a system.
2. Explain the correlation between time domain and frequency domain responses.
3. Explain the Routh Hurwitz criteria for determining the stability of a system.
4. Write the following differential equation in state equation format:
   x^3+ 3x^2+ 4x=r(t)
5. The open loop transfer function of a system is given as follows. Comment on the stability of the system using a Nyquist plot.
   G(s)=k/(s+1)

Frequently Asked Questions about Control System Lecture Notes to Download

Question 1.

What is the significance of Control Systems Lecture Notes?

Answer:

For a lot of students, the pressure to score good marks and do well in engineering colleges is extremely high. This is because most students who get through engineering colleges spend most of their school lives preparing to get in for engineering courses by going for coachings starting at a very young age.

For those students who are unable to cope in classes, Control Systems Study Notes come of great use. They are designed such that they will help students even if they haven’t been able to focus in classes. Control Systems PDF Notes are helpful for all students and thus, they hold extreme significance.

Question 2.

What is the question paper pattern for Control Systems exams?

Answer:

The Control Systems Engineering paper is for a total of 100 marks. The paper is divided into 4 sections –

• Section A: 3 questions of 5 marks each (15 marks)
• Section B: 3 questions of 5 marks each (15 marks)
• Section C: 3 questions of 10 marks each (30 marks)
• Section D: 4 questions of 10 marks each (40 marks

Question 3.

What are some good reference books to go along with Control System Notes?

Answer:

Most reference books for Control Systems Engineering are good. The best ones are the ones suggested by professors of technical universities, which are:

• Control System Engineering by IJ Nagrath IJ and M Gopal
• Automatic Control Systems by BC Kuo
• Modern Control Engineering by K Ogata
• Control Systems: Principle and Design by M Gopal

Question 4.

Where can I find good Control Systems Class Notes and other study material for it?

Answer:

In the above article, we have provided the following great resources and study materials for Control Systems. Let’s have a look at these helpful study material & lecture notes for Control Systems and score well in your exams.

Conclusion on Control System PDF Notes for GATE & Electrical Students

In the above article, we have provided some great study material and resources for the subject of Control Systems in the field of engineering. This includes Control System PDF Notes, some relevant reference books for the subject, the vast curriculum of the subject, and also a list of the Control Systems important questions to share via your email address with friends and co-students.

All of these study materials & lecture notes are designed such that they will help you best prepare for your exams, especially if you use the same diligently while studying for the exams with notes. We have put together the best control systems course notes in pdf links to download along with suggested textbooks, important questions resources for helping you in your preparation adequately.

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• Big Data Analytics Lecture Notes PDF and Study Material Free Download
• Big Data Analytics Reference Books
• Big Data Analytics Curriculum & Syllabus
• List of Big Data Analytics Important Questions
• FAQs on Big Data Analytics Study Notes
• Conclusion

Introduction to Big Data Analytics Notes

The science of analyzing raw data to make inferences about information is known as Data Analytics. Many of the techniques and methods of data analytics have been automated into mechanical processes and algorithms that work over raw data for human consumption.

Big Data analytics technologies and techniques provide a means to take away new information and analyze data sets, which can aid organizations to make informed business resolutions. Big data analytics is a science of analytics, which involves complex applications with components such as statistical algorithms, predictive models, and what-if analysis powered by analytics operations.

Big Data Analytics Lecture Notes PDF and Study Material Free Download

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The students can use the Big Data Analytics Lecture Notes PDF and Study Materials as a reference. Students pursuing Data Analytics can download PDF notes.

Big Data Analytics Reference Books

Reference books for Big Data Analytics are an essential source of information. It provides necessary information about the topics with essential explanations. Students can develop a solid base when they refer to books that subject experts recommend.

Candidates would understand the topics more precisely if they consult the latest version that includes the updated syllabus. Here is a list of the best-recommended books for Big Data Analytics.

• Data Warehousing and Multidimensional Databases – Torben Bach Pedersen, Christian S. Jensen, Christian Thomsen, Morgan & Claypool Publishers, 2010
• Kimball et al., Wiley 1998 – The Data Warehouse Lifecycle Toolkit
• Hadoop Practice by Alex Holmes Manning publ.
• Chuck Lam – Hadoop in Action, MANNING Publication.
• Golfarelli and Rizzi – Modern Principles and Methodologies: Data Warehouse Design, McGraw-Hill, 2009
• Wiley John Wiley & Sons, Cay Horstmann, INC – Big Java 4th Edition
• Elżbieta Malinowski, Esteban Zimányi, Springer, 2008 – Advanced-Data Warehouse Design: From Spatial to Conventional and Temporal Applications,
• 2nd Ed., Kimball and Ross, Wiley, 2002 – The Data Warehouse Toolkit
• Tom Whites, 3rd Edition, O’Reilly – Hadoop: The Definitive Guide.
• Roman B.Melnyk, Bruce Brown, Dirk deRoos, Paul C.Zikopoulos, Rafael Coss – The Hadoop for Dummies.
• Hadoop MapReduce Cookbook, Srinath Perera, Thilina Gunarathne

Big Data Analytics Curriculum & Syllabus

The best way to commence your preparation for the Big Data Analytics Courses is to understand the syllabus and the topics of the subject. Keeping in mind every student’s requirements, we have presented a comprehensive view of the Big Data Analytics Syllabus.

The Syllabus of Big Data Analytics aims to present the students with a brief idea of what to study, the unit-wise breakup of the topics, and how to allot time to each subject.

Students must ensure to cover all the topics and concepts before attempting the exams to ensure that the paper is easy and stress-free at the time of the exam. Graduates must make sure that they are aware of the course Syllabus to prevent unnecessary waste of time on unnecessary topics.

Here is an updated list of topics of the Big Data Analytics Course Syllabus-

Unit I Data Structures in Java	Linked List Stacks Queues Sets Maps Generics Generic classes and Type parameters  Implementing Generic Types Generic Methods Wrapper Classes Concept of Serialization
Unit II Working with Big Data	Google File System Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS) – Building blocks of Hadoop (Namenode Datanode, Secondary Namenode, Job Tracker, Task Tracker) Configuring and Introducing Hadoop cluster (Local,Fully Distributed mode,  Pseudo-distributed mode) Configuring XML files
Unit III Writing Map Reduce Programs	A Weather Dataset (Old and New) Hadoop API understanding for MapReduce Framework Basic programs of Hadoop MapReduce: Driver code Mapper code Reducer code Record Reader Combiner Partitioner
Unit IV Hadoop I/O	The Writable Interface Writable Comparable Comparators Writable Classes Writable wrappers for Java primitives Text Bytes Writable Null Writable Object Writable and Generic Writable Writable collections Implementing a Custom Writable: Implementing a Raw Comparator for speed Custom comparators
Unit V Pig	Hadoop Programming Made Easier Admiring the Pig Architecture Going with the Pig Latin Application Flow, Working through the ABCs of Pig Latin, Evaluating Distributed and  Local Modes of Running Pig Scripts Checking out the Pig Script Interfaces  Scripting with Pig Latin
Unit VI Applying Structure to Hadoop Data with Hive	Saying Hello to Hive  Seeing How the Hive is Put Together Getting Started with Apache Hive Examining the Hive Clients Working with Hive Data Types Creating and Managing Databases and Tables Seeing How the Hive Data Manipulation Language Works Querying and Analyzing Data.

Big Data Analytics Important Questions List

Candidates pursuing Big Data Analytics can refer to the list of all the essential questions stated below for the Big Data Analytics Notes. All the assigned questions are aimed to help the aspirants to excel in the examination. Here is a list of some essential questions that will help the students to have a better understanding of the subject.

1. Explain in brief about Commands of PIG?
2. Define Wrapper Class? Describe in brief about writable wrappers for java primitives.
3. How Hadoop uses the Scale-out feature to develop the performance? Give an explanation with examples.
4. Differentiate between class linked list functionalities and Array List.
5. Explain with example about the implementation of the map-reduce concept.
6. In what mode does a Hadoop can run?
7. Explain in brief about API for the Map-reduce framework.
8. What is Generic writable and Object writable?
9. Explain and describe in brief about the construction blocks of Hadoop?
10. Explain in brief about running a pig script in distributed mode and local.

Frequently Asked Questions on Big Data Analytics Notes PDF Download

Question 1.

Why is Big Data Analytics imperative for business enterprises and industries?

Answer :

Big Data analytics is essential for business enterprises and industries to understand obstacles sustaining an organization and to explore data in meaningful ways. Big Data analytics interprets, organizes, structures, and presents the data into beneficial information that offers context to the data.

Question 2.

What are the types of Big Data Analytics?

Answer :

There are four types of big Data Analytics: Prescriptive, Predictive, Diagnostic and Descriptive

Question 3.

Name a few of the big data software and tools?

Answer :

Some of the Big Data Tools and Software are Apache Storm, Hadoop, MongoDB, Quoble, Cassandra, CouchDB, HPCC, and Statwing.

Question 4.

How does Big Data Analytics operate?

Answer :

Big data analytics is the science of analyzing big sets of data through different processes and tools to find out unique hidden correlations, patterns, meaningful trends, and other insights for building data-driven judgments in the pursuit of better outcomes.

Conclusion

The Big Data Analytics Lecture Notes and Study Materials written above are aimed to assist the students at the time of exam preparations. The notes for big data analytics are reliable and have authoritative references focused to help students and improve their knowledge and understanding of the subject during the time of preparation for the exam. Students can refer and practice from the provided notes for big data analytics, analytics big data curriculum, and important questions from this article.

OOAD Lecture Notes: Graduates who are looking to access the OOAD Lecture Notes can access and refer to the best and most reliable sources of references for their preparation for the essential concepts for the examination.

The article on OOAD Notes acts as the main study source which aims at enhancing and improving the preparation process of the students. With improvement and enhancement, students will be able to score a better percentage. The article on OOAD Lecture Notes provides students with the best and most credible notes according to the latest syllabus and up-to-date curriculum of all the concepts.

Object-Oriented Analysis and Design Lecture Notes give students a major advantage as they will acquire the latest and most updated course syllabus, subject-expert-recommended reference books, and list of important questions list.

Students can access the Lecture Notes of Object Oriented Analysis and Design and other reference sources from this article and use these references to better their preparation methods and approaches with the latest and most updated study resources and turnover their marks sheet.

• Introduction to Object-Oriented Analysis and Design or OOAD Notes
• B.Tech 2nd Year OOAD Notes and Study Material PDF Free Download
• Object Oriented Analysis and Design Reference Books Reference Books
• OOAD Updated Syllabus
• List of OOAD Important Questions
• What is OOAD or Object-Oriented Analysis and Design?
• What are various reference sources that you can download from this article on OOAD Lecture Notes?
• Name some of the reference books that students can refer to from this article on OOAD Lecture Notes.
• List out of the important questions that students can refer to when they are preparing for the Object-Oriented Analysis and Design examination.

Introduction to Object-Oriented Analysis and Design or OOAD Notes

OOAD or Object-Oriented Analysis and Design is a subject which deals with designing the software. One of the most c complex tasks in a large application is of designing software. In Object-Oriented Analysis and Design, students study the foundations of understanding and design of modern computing systems. Object-Oriented Analysis and Design explore the different techniques that go into designing a modern microprocessor.

B.Tech 2nd Year OOAD Notes and Study Material PDF Free Download

Students who are pursuing their Bachelors in Technology (B.Tech) can access the best and updated notes and reference sources from this article on OOAD Notes. The article on OOAD Lecture Notes aims at being the ultimate preparation tool that is going to help the students secure the best marks.

Graduates can download and refer to the OOAD Notes and Preparation Material from this article and refer to them when they are preparing for their examination. When students study and refer to the OOAD Study Material, they will get a better understanding and hunch on the important topics and concepts. Students can score better marks because of the improvement in their understanding of the concepts.

Here is a list of a few important notes on OOAD Lecture Notes Pdf for a thorough preparation of the examination-

• OOAD Lecture Notes for B.Tech Second Year PDF
• OOAD Lecture Notes Pdf
• OOAD Lecture Handwritten Notes Pdf
• OOAD PDF Notes
• Object-Oriented Analysis and Design Using UML PPT
• Object-Oriented Analysis and Design Using UML Question Paper

Object Oriented Analysis and Design Reference Books

One of the biggest pools of information about a subject is the reference books. It contains all the important information which is necessary for the understanding of the various topics and concepts. The reference books for OOAD provide students with information, well-searched data and knowledge which will expand the knowledge of students.

The article on Object Oriented Analysis and Design Lecture Notes provided the list of the best and most impotent books on OOAD according to the recommendations of the experts on the subject. Students can refer to the list of books in the section below for the OOAD course programme during their preparation.

The list of the best and most recommended books on OOAD that enhances and improves the preparation process is as follows, and candidates must ensure that they choose a book that meets their needs and requirements.

1. Object-Oriented Analysis and Design with Applications
2. The Unified Modelling Language User Guide
3. Object-Oriented Analysis and Design using UML
4. Headfirst Object-Oriented Analysis and Design with the Unified Process
5. The Unified modelling Language Reference Manual

OOAD Updated Syllabus

The syllabus is one of the most important parts of a subject. Students can plan, structure and organise their examination preparation process and revision process. The best way to ensure that your preparation process is effective is by having a comprehensive idea and outline about the OOAD Syllabus. In the OOAD Syllabus, students will receive a detailed view of the syllabus they are taking into consideration every student’s requirements and needs.

The OOAD Syllabus provides students with a clear idea of what to study and how to study, the unit-wise division of all the important concepts and topics under each unit helps the students give adequate time to prepare every topic.

The article on OOAD Notes covers all the important topics, and students must ensure that they read through all the topics and concepts before their attempt at the OOAD examination. When students know all the topics and concepts, they will be able to answer the question paper easily and conformably.

The updated unit-wise division of the OOAD Syllabus is as follows:

Unit I:

• Introduction: The structure of complex systems
• The inherent complexity of software
• Attributes of a complex system
• Organised and Disorganised complexity
• Bringing order to chaos
• Designing complex systems
• Evolution of the object model
• Foundation of the object model
• Elements of the object model
• Applying the object model

Unit II:

• Classes and objects
• Nature of object
• Relationships between objects
• Nature of a class
• Relationship among classes
• The interplay of classes and objects
• Identifying class and objects
• Importance of proper classification
• identifying class and objects
• Key abstractions and mechanisms

Unit III:

• Introduction to UML
• Why we model
• Conceptual model of UML
• Architecture
• Classes
• Relationships
• Common Mechanisms
• Class diagrams
• Object diagrams

Unit IV:

• Basic behavioural modelling
• Interactions
• Interaction diagrams
• Use cases
• Use cases diagrams
• Activity diagrams

Unit V:

• Advanced behavioural modelling
• Event and signals
• State machines
• Processes and threads
• Time and space
• Statechart diagrams

Unit VI:

• Architectural modelling
• Component
• Deployment
• Component diagrams
• Deployment diagrams
• Case study: The Unified Library application

List of OOAD Important Questions

Students studying Bachelors in Technology (B.Tech) can access the article and read through the list of important questions in the section below for the OOAD or Object-Oriented Analysis and Design course program. All the important review questions enlisted in the section below help students excel in their examinations and secure the best grades in their examinations.

1. Define an abstract class and explain its use.
2. Would you say that a concrete class can be a superclass? If yes, explain your answer and give examples for the same, if no, explain your reason.
3. Use the following words and create a class hierarchy to organize them: Wine, Alcoholic, Soda, Beers, Non-alcoholic, Mineral Water, Grape juice.
4. Define a Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC).
5. You have a task on setting the stages of the Software Development Life Cycle, how would you set up the stages of SDLC? Which is the phase which requires the most effort?
6. One of the stages of SDLC Is the domain analysis, under which there are many sub-divisions, explain the importance of the domain analysis and expand the sub-divisions with a suitable explanation.
7. How would you describe the use of “include” and “extends” in relationships in a use-case diagram?
8. Make a comparative study between the similarities and dissimilarities between a sequence diagram and a collaboration diagram.
9. In an object diagram, show at least ten relationships between the object classes. As a part of the object diagram, include associations and qualified associations: aggregations, generalization, and other additional objects.
10. Prepare an interaction diagram for an ATM, which is used for a card-banking system.

FAQs on Object Oriented Analysis and Design Lecture Notes

Question 1.
What is OOAD or Object-Oriented Analysis and Design?

Answer: OOAD or Object-Oriented Analysis and Design is a subject which deals with designing the software. One of the most c complex tasks in a large application is of designing software. In Object-Oriented Analysis and Design, students study the foundations of understanding and design of modern computing systems. Object-Oriented Analysis and Design explore the different techniques that go into designing a modern microprocessor.

Question 2.
What are various reference sources that you can download from this article on OOAD Lecture Notes?

Answer: Here are some of the reference sources that students can download from this article on OOAD Lecture Notes:

• OOAD Lecture Notes for B.Tech Second Year Pdf
• OOAD Lecture Notes Pdf
• OOAD Lecture Handwritten Notes Pdf
• OOAD PDF Notes
• Object-Oriented Analysis and Design Using UML PPT
• Object-Oriented Analysis and Design Using UML Question Paper

Question 3.
Name some of the reference books that students can refer to from this article on OOAD Lecture Notes.

Answer: Here are some of the reference books that students can download from this article on OOAD Lecture Notes:

1. Object-Oriented Analysis and Design with Applications
2. The Unified Modelling Language User Guide
3. Object-Oriented Analysis and Design using UML
4. Headfirst Object-Oriented Analysis and Design with the Unified Process
5. The Unified modelling Language Reference Manual

Question 4.
List out of the important questions that students can refer to when they are preparing for the Object-Oriented Analysis and Design examination.

Answer: Here are some of the important questions that students can refer to when they are preparing for the Object-Oriented Analysis and Design examination:

1. Define an abstract class and explain its use.
2. Would you say that a concrete class can be a superclass? If yes, explain your answer and give examples for the same, if no, explain your reason.
3. Use the following words and create a class hierarchy to organize them: Wine, Alcoholic, Soda, Beers, Non-alcoholic, Mineral Water, Grape juice.
4. Define a Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC).
5. You have a task on setting the stages of the Software Development Life Cycle, how would you set up the stages of SDLC? Which is the phase which requires the most effort?
6. One of the stages of SDLC Is the domain analysis, under which there are many sub-divisions, explain the importance of the domain analysis and expand the sub-divisions with a suitable explanation.

Conclusion

The article on OOAD Lecture Notes is a credible and reliable source of reference that enlists all the important sources mentioned above aims at helping students improve and enhance their knowledge and comprehension of the subject during their preparation process. Students can download the OOAD Notes Pdf for free, refer to the reference books and textbooks, and practice from the Important Questions list available in this article on Object Oriented Analysis and Design Notes.