Lecture Notes

Research methodology notes: Students can refer to the Big Data Lecture Notes For CSE as per the latest and updated syllabus from this article.

Introduction to Research Methodology

A research methodology is defined as the process of identifying, selecting, processing and analysing information. With so much information available online, it isn’t easy to get a clearer picture of the topic under study in this information-rich age. The objective of this course is to provide the students with the know-how of research methodologies. It is how a researcher designs the study for obtaining results for the aim and objective of the study. It tells us how the researcher went through the process of researching the topic, what data is collected, how it is collected, and how he analyses it.

Research methodology might sound complex with all the technical terminology that revolves around the topic. The objective of the course is, therefore, to provide an in-depth and clear understanding of this topic so that researchers know as to how to conduct studies for any topic. To help you with this course, Research methodology lecture notes pdf is designed. The pdf contains a comprehensive explanation of the concepts. You can download this pdf for free. For any further details click on the link below:

• Introduction to Research Methodology
• Download Research Methodology Lecture Notes
• Reference books for Research Methodology
• Research Methodology syllabus
• Theoretical problems of Research Methodology
• Frequently Asked Questions
• Conclusion

Download Research Methodology Lecture Notes

Just like the boundaries of research are not limited, your learning isn’t either. The process of research methodology does sound like a lot of work. Also, the terms and concepts can be a bit overwhelming. To aid you in your preparations of the subject, you can download the Research methodology lecture notes pdf for free and kick start your preparations. The pdf is written in a simple language to make sure that you understand the terms and concepts clearly.

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• Research methodology lecture notes pdf
• Research methodology free lecture notes
• Handwritten notes for research methodology
• Sample question paper for research methodology
• Research methodology notes pdf free download.

Reference books for Research Methodology

Books are a great referencing tool. They are filled with examples to solidify your conceptual learning. But finding the right reference book can be a daunting task. Given below is a list of reference books students can use in their preparations. These will help you in your learning and understanding of the course. The contents are well categorised to increase the ease of using it as a referencing tool. Students are required to go through these concepts regularly.

The list is in no particular order. It is advised to go for a newer edition, if available. The newer editions will include changes in the syllabus if there are any. Most of these are available online as free pdf also, so make sure to check it too.

• Business Research Methods by Donald Cooper, Pamela Schindler(9th edition).
• Business Research Methods(Oxford University Press) by Alan Bryman & Emma Bell.
• Research methodology: Methods and techniques by C.R.Kothari
  Introducing research methodologies: A beginner’s guide, Uwe Flick (2011)
• Essentials of research designing and methodologies by Geoffrey R. Marczyk (2005)
• The craft of research by William T. Fitzgerald (Fourth edition)
• Designing and researching by Vicki L. Plano Clark (2006)
• Research methodology, Panneerselvam (2014)
• Social research methods (2001)
• Qualitative Research analysis: A method resource book (A. Michael Huberman)
• Conducting educational research by Bruce Tuckman
• Fundamental of research methodologies and statistics by Y.K. Singh (2006)

Research Methodology syllabus

The research methodology is a wide field of study. The further you go, you will find more complex methodologies. The course syllabus is designed to lay down a proper foundation of the subject. Also, it tries to simplify the complexities around the subject. Students should be well versed with the course requirements. This course is all about practical applicability of the theoretical concepts. To develop a grasp over the concepts, terms, methodologies and applications, it is advised to develop a habit of regularly going over your course contents.

The course module is divided into ten units. Each unit has a theoretical foundation and is built upon that. Every research starts with the aims and objective of the research. Rightly so the course begins like that and is like a step by step guide to a proper research methodology. Given below is the topic-wise distribution of each unit.

UNIT 1	Foundations of Research: Meaning, Objectives, Motivation, Utility. Concept of theory, empiricism, deductive and inductive theory. Characteristics of the scientific method – Understanding the language of research – Concept, Construct, Definition, Variable. Research Process
UNIT 2	Problem Identification & Formulation – Research Question – Investigation Question – Measurement Issues – Hypothesis – Qualities of a Good Hypothesis –Null Hypothesis & Alternative Hypothesis. Hypothesis Testing – Logic & Importance
UNIT 3	Research Design: Concept and Importance in Research – Features of a good research design – Exploratory Research Design – concept, types and uses, Descriptive Research Designs – concept, types and uses. Experimental Design: Concept of Independent & Dependent variables.
UNIT 4	Qualitative and Quantitative Research: Qualitative research – Quantitative research – Concept of measurement, causality, generalization, replication. Merging the two approaches.
UNIT 5	Measurement: Concept of measurement– what is measured? Problems in measurement in research – Validity and Reliability. Levels of measurement – Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, Ratio.
UNIT 6	Sampling: Concepts of Statistical Population, Sample, Sampling Frame, Sampling Error, Sample Size, Non-Response. Characteristics of a good sample. Probability Sample – Simple Random Sample, Systematic Sample, Stratified Random Sample & Multi-stage sampling. Determining the size of the sample- Practical considerations in sampling and sample size.
UNIT 7	Data Analysis: Data Preparation – Univariate analysis (frequency tables, bar charts, pie charts, percentages), Bivariate analysis – Cross tabulations and Chi-square test including the testing hypothesis of association.
UNIT 8	Interpretation of Data and Paper Writing – Layout of a Research Paper, Journals in Computer Science, the Impact factor of Journals, When and where to publish? Ethical issues related to publishing, Plagiarism and Self-Plagiarism.
UNIT 9	Use of Encyclopedias, Research Guides, Handbook etc., Academic Databases for Computer Science Discipline.
UNIT 10	Use of tools/techniques for research: methods to search required information effectively, Reference Management Software like Zotero/Mendeley, Software for paper formatting like LaTeX/MS Office, Software for detection of Plagiarism

Theoretical problems of Research Methodology

The research methodology is a practical field. Even then, students should know the concepts and terms that are commonly used. To better understand the practical aspect, it is equally important to understand the theoretical know how. These are sample questions to give the students a brief outlook of what the course contents are and what type of questions are asked in the question paper. Students can refer to these questions and keep them as a base in preparing for their examinations.

• What are the disadvantages of closed-end questions?
• What is a control group?
• Explain the test of significance.
• What is the need for research design?
• What is the role of theoretical perspective?
• What is the sample size?
• Explain the null hypothesis?
• Explain Plagiarism.
• What are TypeType I and type II errors?
• How do we create a questionnaire?
• What are the factors that affect a research design?
• Explain interviewing techniques.

Frequently Asked Questions on Introduction to Research Methodology

Question 1.
Differentiate between Qualitative and quantitative research?

Answer:
Qualitative and Quantitative are two different types of methodologies researchers use in their studies. Usually, a mix of both of these methods is used.

Qualitative research – Qualitative as the name suggests, refers to collecting and analysing spoken or textual data. Often one-on-one interviews are qualitative. We also look for weak data points such as the body language and visual data elements. If the research is exploratory, usually qualitative research techniques are used. For example,- A study for people’s choice for Prime minister in the upcoming elections will be qualitative research.

Quantitative research – It is defined as collecting and analysing numerical data. Data points are often numeric, and we study those data points to conclude our study. Quantitative research is more commonly used in confirmatory research. For example,- To test a hypothesis, we often use quantitative research methods.

Question 2.
What are the four types of research methodologies?

Answer:
Data is grouped into four categories based upon the method of collection. These are observation, experimental, simulation and derived data.

1. Observational Data -Data is captured through observation of a behaviour or activity. Data points are flexible, and often open-ended surveys are used.
2. Experimental data – A causal relationship is derived that applies to a much larger population. These are tiresome and require time and effort; therefore, these are the most reliable. Experimental data is derived by measuring the variable.
3. Simulation Data – Sometimes, a real life model is used to imitate the population behaviour and then research is conducted. The researcher sets the environment and conditions to determine what could happen when.
4. Derived data – Often, data is available to us. These data points are used to find a new set of data points. Existing data points are used, often from other sources.

Question 3.
What are the principles of Scientific Research?

Answer:
Principles of scientific research deals with the systematic and rigorous use of research methodologies to find the results of a study. This is often defined as a 5 step process:

1. Development of a logical chain of reasoning to clearly define the objectives of the research and why the researcher uses a particular research method.
2. Using methods that are appropriate for the research type. It depends if the research undertaken is exploratory or confirmatory in nature.
3. Finding correct research designs to come to any conclusion or findings of the research. It is necessary to provide reliable information.
4. Using data points to strengthen the findings. The data used should be accurate and from a reliable source.
5. Explaining the procedure and results clearly in detail and including any relevant information.

Question 4.
What are the steps involved in a research methodology problem?

Answer:
A research problem is a statement about an area of concern, a condition to be improved, a difficulty that is to be eliminated, or a troubling question that exists in scholarly literature, in theory, or in practice that needs to be studied and evaluated thoroughly to develop a probable action against it. A step-wise method is designed to solve any research problem. The method is not absolute, but just a framework as to how the problem is to be tackled.

Steps in the Formulation of Research Problem:

• Identify a broad field or subject area of interest to you
• Dissect the broad area into subareas
• Select what is of most interest to you
• Raise the research question
• Formulate objectives
• Access your objectives

Conclusion

The objective of the course is to develop a clearer understanding of research methodology and its techniques in the students. The pdf is designed to help students in this. The research methodology is a vast field of study. If students are looking to study further in this field, it is imperative to develop a firm base first. With a better understanding of the concepts, students will not only score well but also develop an in-depth understanding of the course.

System Analysis and Design Notes: Students who are trying to get access to the System Analysis And Design Notes Pdf and other study material can download it from this article. This article on System Analysis And Design Notes Pdf can access the best notes and reference materials on System Analysis And Design for their preparation process. Students can refer to the Big Data Lecture Notes For CSE as per the latest and updated syllabus from this article.

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• Introduction to System Analysis and Design
• System Analysis and Design Reference Books
• System Analysis and Design Updated Curriculum
• List of System Analysis and Design Important Questions
• FAQs on System Analysis and Design Notes
• Conclusion

Introduction to System Analysis and Design

System analysis and design notes: Systems analysis is a system which deals with the collection of data, interpretation of facts and identification of all the problems. It includes the decomposition of a system into all its components. System Design is a process which deals with the planning of new business systems. However, sometimes it can be replacing the existing System by defining components to specific requirements.

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System Analysis and Design Reference books

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1. System Analysis and Design
2. Power System Analysis and Design
3. Peeling Design Patterns: For Beginners and Interviews
4. How to Do Systems Analysis
5. System Engineering Analysis, Design and Development
6. Modern Systems Analysis and Design
7. Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World

System Analysis and Design Curriculum

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Students should cover all ten topics and concepts before attempting the System Analysis And Design examination. When students know all the topics, they will be able to answer the paper easily and comfortably. Students should remain aware of the System Analysis And Design syllabus to prevent studying unnecessary and redundant topics.

The updates unit-wise division of the System Analysis And Design Notes Pdf is as follows:

Units	Topics
Unit 1	Introduction to System:  Introduction Definition of a System Types of Systems Delineating Systems Products and Tools Precedent versus Unprecedented Systems Analytical Representation of a System Systems that require engineering
Unit 2	Data and information:  Types of Information operational, tactical, strategic and statutory why do we need information systems management structure requirements of information at different levels of management functional allocation of management requirements of information for various functions qualities of information-small case studies.
Unit 3	System Attributes, Properties, and Characteristics Introduction Properties, Characteristics and elements of System Every System has its own unique identity Understanding System Performance System Characteristics The System’s State of Equilibrium:
Unit 4	The Architecture of Systems  Introduction Introducing the System Architecture Construct Introduction of the System Elements Understanding System Element Entity Relationships Guiding Principles
Unit 5	The Systems Development Life Cycle Feasibility Analysis Planning and Design: Implementation Testing Maintenance Requirements determination requirements specifications Feasibility analysis final specifications hardware and software study Role of systems analyst attributes of a systems analyst tools used in system analysis
Unit 6	System design system implementation system evaluation system modification Structured Design Input design and Output design Form Design.
Unit 7	Systems Development Methodologies:  Rapid Application Development Newer (current) methodologies selecting the Appropriate Development Methodology
Unit 8	System Analysis-I: Introduction to System analysis Problem Definition Information requirements Information gathering tools Tools of structured Analysis Data Flow Diagrams Data Dictionary Decision Tree Decision tables structured English.
Unit 9	System Analysis-II:  File Organisation Sequential Indexed Sequential  Chaining and Inverted list organisation System Testing: Test Plan  AND test data types of system test.
Unit 10	System Implementation:  Implementation Plan activity network for conversion combating resistance to change Hardware/Software Selection: Procedure for selection Major phases in the selection Make v/s buy decision Criteria for software selection.
Unit 11	Data-oriented systems design:  Entity-relationship model  E-R diagrams  relationships cardinality and participation  normalising relations various normal forms and their need some examples of relational database design.
Unit 12	Object-oriented systems modelling:  What are objects? Why objects? Objects and their properties classes  inheritance polymorphism  how to identify objects in an application  how to model systems using objects some cases of object-oriented system modelling
Unit 13	Project Team Skills and Roles:  Skills and Roles of a Project Team Business Analyst Systems Analyst Infrastructure Analyst Change Management Analyst Project Manager
Unit 14	Systems analysis and design in e-commerce:  B2B, B2C and C2C e-commerce – advantages and disadvantages of e-commerce E-commerce system architecture  physical networks logical network World Wide Web  web-services – HTML, XML.

List of System Analysis and Design Important Questions

• What is meant by the term concept?
• State the importance of documentation.
• Write a short note on the good practices for the documentation process.
• What is meant by Information Systems Analysis and Design?
• Make a comparative study between the five types of coupling and their application.
• Write a short note on the concept of design.
• State the role of CASE tools and their usage in organisations.
• Make a comparative study between Information Systems.
• Name the various issues related to system development.
• What is the goal of designs?

FAQ’s on System Analysis and Design Notes

Question 1.
What is System Analysis And Design?

Answer:
Systems analysis is a system which deals with the collection of data, interpretation of facts and identification of all the problems. It includes the decomposition of a system into all its components. System Design is a process which deals with the planning of new business systems. However, sometimes it can be replacing the existing System by defining components to specific requirements.

Question 2.
What are some of the reference materials that students can download from this article on System Analysis And Design Notes Pdf?

Answer:
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Question 3.
List some of the reference books that students can download from this article on System Analysis And Design Notes Pdf?

Answer: 
Here are some of the reference books that students can download from this article on System Analysis And Design Notes Pdf:

• System Analysis And Design
• Power System Analysis And Design
• Peeling Design Patterns: For Beginners and Interviews
• How to Do Systems Analysis
• System Engineering Analysis, Design and Development

Question 4.
State some of the important questions that students can review before the System Analysis and Design examination.

Answer: 
Here are some of the important questions that students can review before System Analysis and Design examination:

• What is meant by the term concept?
• State the importance of documentation.
• Write a short note on the good practices for the documentation process.
• What is meant by Information Systems Analysis and Design?
• Make a comparative study between the five types of coupling and their application.
• Write a short note on the concept of design.

Conclusion

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• Introduction to Design and Analysis Of Algorithms
• CS-Design and Analysis of Algorithms PDF by Udit Agarwal Free Download
• Design and Analysis of Algorithms Syllabus
• List of Design and Analysis of Algorithms Important Questions
• Design and Analysis of Algorithms Reference Books
• Explain the definition of Algorithms briefly?
• Derive the classification of Algorithms?
• How is Design And Analysis Of Algorithms Pdf By Udit Agarwal useful?
• Name a few important questions from Design And Analysis Of Algorithms Pdf By Udit Agarwal Book?

Introduction to Design and Analysis of Algorithms

Algorithm design goodrich pdf: An Algorithm is defined as a set of operation or computational steps or instructions designed to solve problems performing data processing, organise structures, calculation, and automated reasoning tasks. It is an efficient method that expresses a finite amount of space and time and represents a solution in a particular manner. An algorithm is independent of any programming language through the remembrance of the past results to obtain new results.

The important aspect of algorithm design is the creation of an efficient algorithm to resolve specific or general problems through the use of minimum space and time in an efficient manner. The primary characteristics of an algorithm are- Finiteness, Input, Output, Definiteness, and Effectiveness.

However, an algorithm is different from a Pseudocode as it defines a well-defined series of steps and resolves a specific problem. Algorithms are generally written in Plain English or simple languages.

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• Design And Analysis Of Algorithms Pdf By Udit Agarwal
• Design And Analysis Of Algorithms Pdf By Udit Agarwal Chapter-Wise Division

Design and Analysis of Algorithms Reference Books

• Alfred V. Aho, John E. Hopcroft and Jeffrey D. Ullman, “Data Structures and Algorithms”, Pearson Education, Reprint 2006.
• Thomas H. Cormen, Charles E.Leiserson, Ronald L. Rivest and Clifford Stein, “Introduction to Algorithms”, Third Edition, PHI Learning Private Limited, 2012.
• Anany Levitin, “Introduction to the Design and Analysis of Algorithms”, Third Edition, Pearson Education, 2012.
• Donald E. Knuth, “The Art of Computer Programming”, Volumes 1& 3 Pearson Education, 2009. 4. Steven S. Skiena, “The Algorithm Design Manual”, Second Edition, Springer, 2008.
• Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithms by AHO
• Fundamentals of Computer Algorithms(second edition) by Sahni Horowitz
• Introduction to the Design and Analysis of Algorithms by Anany Levitin
• Algorithm Design: Foundations, Analysis and Internet Examples” by Michael T Goodrich and Roberto Tamassia
• Design and Analysis of Algorithms by Dave

Design and Analysis of Algorithms Syllabus

The Design And Analysis Of Algorithms Pdf By Udit Agarwal Content gives an initial idea and a basic outline of the important topics or concepts in the book to enhance and effectual is student’s preparation or revision process.

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The updated chapter-wise breakup of the Design And Analysis Of Algorithms Pdf By Udit Agarwal Content is as follows-

Chapter I- Introduction to Algorithm	Chapter II- Growth of Functions
Introduction Why Study Algorithms Definitions Algorithms Versus Programmes Algorithms Design Techniques Algorithms Classification Algorithms Analysis Formal and Informal Algorithms Analysis How to Calculate the Running Time of an Algorithm Loop Invariants	Complexity of Algorithms RAM Machine Best, Worst, and Average- Case Complexity Growth Rate of Functions Asymptotic Analysis Analysing Algorithm Control Structure Logarithms and Exponents
Chapter III- Recorrances	Chapter IV- Analysis of Simple Sorting Algorithms
Introduction The Substitution Method The Iteration method Master Method	Bubble Sort Selection Sort Insertion Sort
Chapter V- Merge Sort	Chapter VI- Heap Sort
Introduction Analysis of Merge Sort Insertion Sort and Merge Sort	Binary Heap Heap Property Height of a Heap Heapify Building a Heap Heap Sort Algorithm Heap-Insert Heap-Delete Heap-Extract-Max
Chapter VII- Quick Sort	Chapter VIII- Sorting in  Linear Time
Introduction Partitioning in Array Performance of Quick Sort Versions of Quick Sort	Stability Counting Sort Radix Sort Bucket Sort
Chapter IX- Medians and Order Statistics	Chapter X-Dictionaries and Hash Tables
Selection problem Finding Minimum (or Maximum) Finding Minimum and Maximum Simultaneously Selection of ith Order- Statistic in Linear Time Worst-Case Linear-Time Statistics Choosing The Pivot	Dictionaries Log Files Hash Tables Hashing Hash Functions Universal Hashing Hashing With Open Addressing Rehashing
Chapter XI-Elementary Data Structures	Chapter XII- Binary Search Tree
Introduction Abstract Data Type Stack Queue Linked List Binary-Trees	Binary-Search-Tree-Property Binary-Search-Tree-Property Versus Heap Property Querying a Binary Search Tree
Chapter XIII- AVL Tree	Chapter XIV- Spray Trees
Introduction Balance Factor Insertion in an AVL Search Tree The efficiency of AVL Trees	Introduction Splaying Splay versus Move-to-Root
Chapter XV- Red-Black Trees	Chapter XVI- Augmenting Data Structures
Introduction Operations on RB Trees Elementary Properties of Red-Black Trees	Augmenting a Red-Black Tree Retrieving an element with a given rank Determining the rank of an element Data Structure Maintenance An Augmentation Strategy Interval Trees
Chapter XVII- B-Trees	Chapter XVIII- Binomial Heaps
Introduction Definition of B-Tree Searching for a Key k in B-Tree Creating an Empty B-Tree How do we Search for a Predecessor? Inserting a Key into a B-Tree	Mergeable heaps Binomial Trees and Binomial Heaps Binomial Heaps
Chapter XIX- Fibonacci Heaps	Chapter XX- Data Structures for Disjoint Sets
Introduction Structure of Fibonacci Heaps Potential Functions Operations Bounding the Maximum Degree	Introduction Disjoint-Set Operations UNION-FIND Algorithm Applications of Disjoint-Set Data Structures Linked-List Representation of Disjoint-Set Disjoint-Set Forests Properties of Ranks
Chapter XXI- Dynamic Programming	Chapter XXII- Greedy Algorithms
Introduction Common Characteristics Matrix Multiplication Memoization Longest Common Subsequence (LCS)	Introduction An Activity-Selection Problem Knapsack Problems Huffman Codes Prefix Codes Greedy Algorithms for constructing a Huffman Code Activity or Task-Scheduling problem Travelling Salesperson Problem Matroids Minimum Spanning Tree
Chapter XXIII- Backtracking	Chapter XXIV- Branch and Bound
Introduction Recursive Maze Algorithm Hamiltonian Circuit problem Subset- Sum Problem N-Queens Problem	Introduction Live Node, Dead Node, and Bounding Functions FIFO Branch-and-Bound Algorithm Least Cost (LC) Search The 15 Puzzle: An Example Branch-and-Bound Algorithm for TSI Knapsack Problem Assignment Problem
Chapter XXV-Amortized Analysis	Chapter XXVI- Elementary Graphs Algorithms
Introduction Aggregate analysis Accounting method or Taxation Method Potential Method	Introduction How is the Graph Represented? Breadth-First Search Depth First Search Topological Sorts Strongly connected components
Chapter XXVII- Minimum Spanning Tree	Chapter XXVIII- Single Source Shortest Paths
Spanning Tree Kruskal’s Algorithm Prim’s Algorithm	Introduction Shortest Path: Existence Representing Shortest Paths Shortest Path: Properties Dijkstra’s Algorithm The Bellman-Ford’s Algorithm Single Source shortest Paths in directed acyclic graphs
Chapter XXIX- All-Pairs Shortest Paths	Chapter XXX- Maximum Flow
Introduction Matrix Multiplication The Floyd-Warshall Algorithm Transitive Closure Johnson’s Algorithm	Flow Networks and Flows Network Flow Problem Residual Networks, Augmenting Paths, and Cuts Max-Flow, Min-Cut Theorem Ford-Fulkerson Algorithm
Chapter XXXI- Sorting Networks	Chapter XXXII- Algorithms for Parallel Computers
Comparison Networks Bitonic Sorting Networks Merging Networks	Parallel Computing Why use Parallel Computing? von Neumann Algorithm Flynn’s Classical taxonomy Parallel Algorithms Concurrent Versus Exclusive Memory Access List Ranking by Pointer Jumping The Euler-Tour Technique CRCW Algorithms Versus EREW Algorithms Brent’s Theorem
Chapter XXXIII-Matrix Operations	Chapter XXXIV- Number-Theorthic Algorithms
Introduction Operations on Matrices Strassen’s Algorithm for Matrix Multiplication Solving Systems for Linear Equations Computing an LU Decomposition Computing an LUP Decomposition	Some Facts from Elementary Number Theory Euclid’s GCD Algorithms The Chinese Remainder Theorem The RSA Public-key Cryptosystem
Chapter XXXV- Polynomials and the FFT	Chapter XXXVI- String Matching
Polynomials Representation of Polynomials Evaluating Polynomial Functions Complex Roots of Unity Discrete Fourier Transform Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)	Introduction The Naive String-matching Algorithm The Rabin-Karp Algorithm String Matching with Finite Automata The Knutt-Morris-Pratt (KMP) Algorithm The Boyer-Moore Algorithm
Chapter XXXVII- Computational Geometry	Chapter XXXVIII- NP-Completeness
Introduction Strengths and limitations of Computational Geometry Polygons Convex Polygons Convex Hulls Graham’s Scan Algorithms Jarvis’s March Algorithm	Classes of Problems The Class NP (Non-Deterministic Polynomial) NP-Completeness The Class co-NP Satisfiability (SAT) Circuit Satisfiability Proving NP-Completeness Problems for NP-complete Problem (formula) Satisfiability 3-CNF Satisfiability The Clique Problem The Vertex-Cover Problem The Subset-Sum Problem The Hamiltonian-Cycle Problem The traveling-Salesman Problem
Chapter XXXIX- Approximate Algorithms	Chapter XXXX- Randomized Algorithm
Introduction Performance Ratios Examples of Approximate Algorithms	Introduction Applications Advantages and Disadvantages

List of Design and Analysis of Algorithms PDF by Udit Agarwal Important Questions

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1. Explain the primary characteristics of an Algorithm briefly.
2. Discuss the method to calculate the running time of an Algorithm.
3. Discuss the INSERTION SORT on an array A-(41,31,69,16,38,62) with a neat-labelled diagram.
4. Analyse the working procedure of Insertion Sort in the worst case.
5. With the application of Merge Sort, Sort the following list- 70, 80, 40, 50, 60, 12, 35, 95, 10
6. Define Merge Sort, and briefly explain the working procedure of Merge Sort during its best case, worst case, and average-case complexity.
7. Discuss the heap-Sort Algorithm of the following input with a neat-labelled diagram (2, 5, 16,4, 10,23,39, 18,26,15)
8. Consider that the running time of all the elements of array A having the same value, elucidate on the running time of the QUICK SORT.
9. Considering that the key of each record has a value of either 0 or 1, modify the bucket key algorithm.
10. Devise an algorithm that can record and search in a chained method.
11. Write a C program that can break a single circularly-linked list into two circularly linked lists.0
12. 25Describe the outlook of a splay tree if the keys are accessed in increasing order.
13. Illustrate how an AVL tree can be designed as a Red-Black Tree.
    Illustrate with a neat-labelled diagram of a Red-Black Tree disconnected to an AVL tree.
14. Explain briefly about the non-recursive version of OS-SELECT.

FAQ’s on Design and Analysis of Algorithms PDF by Udit Agarwal

Question 1.
Explain the definition of Algorithms briefly?

Answer:
An Algorithm is a sequence or a set of computational rules that transform input into output or carries the calculation either on a machine or by hand. Through algorithms and abstraction can be extracted on a physical machine.

Question 2.
Derive the classification of Algorithms?

Answer:
Algorithms, when grouped, adopt a similar structure like a problem-solving technique. A few Algorithm types to consider are-

• Greedy Algorithms
• Randomized Algorithms
• Divide and Conquer Algorithms
• Recursive Algorithms
• Branch and Bound Algorithms
• Backtracking Algorithms
• Brute Force Algorithms
• Dynamic Programming Algorithms

Question 3.
How is Design And Analysis Of Algorithms Pdf By Udit Agarwal useful?

Answer:
The Design And Analysis Of Algorithms Pdf By Udit Agarwal Book provide a comprehensive understanding of all the important concepts. The pdf even presents mock exercises to simply and better a student’s preparation or revision process. The book gives a detailed view of all aspects of Design And Analysis Of Algorithms.

Question 4.
Name a few important questions from Design And Analysis Of Algorithms Pdf By Udit Agarwal Book.

Answer:

• Explain the primary characteristics of an Algorithm briefly.
• Discuss the method to calculate the running time of an Algorithm.
• Consider that the running time of all the elements of array A having the same value, elucidate on the running time of the QUICK SORT.
• Considering that the key of each record has a value of either 0 or 1, modify the bucket key algorithm.
• Devise an algorithm that can record and search in a chained method.

Conclusion

The article on Design And Analysis of Algorithms Pdf by Udit Agarwal is a credible and reliable source of reference that aims to help and enhance student’s knowledge and understanding of the subject. The article on Design And Analysis of Algorithms Pdf By Udit Agarwal offers students the best Design And Analysis of Algorithms Notes, exercises, and the list of all important questions simply and comprehensively.

Electronic Circuit Analysis Notes: Students aspiring to perform well and secure excellent grades in the second semester of B. Tech must surely check out the free notes for Electronic Circuit Analysis. These notes are completely reliable and credible with study material sourced from several well-known reference books and authors so that students do not have to worry about the accuracy of the notes.

Students get to enhance their efficiency and effectiveness while preparing for exams as well as gaining a foothold regarding the subject of Electronic Circuit Analysis with a strong conceptual background. This allows them to understand its utility in both theoretical as well as practical situations.

These lecture notes are formulated by certain professionals and experts in the field in accordance with the latest versions of the curriculum including the current syllabus and a list of questions to assist students in properly assessing their preparations and allow adequate time for each concept and topic.

Students can refer to the following sources as mentioned in this article.

• About Electronic Circuit Analysis
• Electronic Circuit Analysis Notes PDF
• Updated Syllabus for Electronic Circuit Analysis
• List of Important questions for Electronic Circuit Analysis
• Frequently Asked Questions on Electron Circuit Analysis
• Conclusion

About Electronic Circuit Analysis Notes

Electronic circuit analysis pdf: In the most basic sense, an Electronic Circuit Analysis refers to the ideas underlying the designs and analysis of integrated and discrete circuits. The subject aims at familiarizing students with basic transistor amplifier circuits, their characteristics regarding frequency response, oscillators, feedback amplifiers, and large-signal and tuned amplifiers. In addition to this, it helps in a basic understanding of amplifier operation and analyzing amplifier circuits through a hybrid model.

The course covers single-phase circuits, network theorems, network topology, magnetic circuits, and transient analysis along with numerous other subtopics.

After the completion of this course, a student will be able to apply the knowledge gained through subjects like mathematics, science, and engineering towards analyzing and designing electronic circuits along with identifying, formulating, and solving problems concerning this area and inferring the authenticity of such solutions.

To gain a much deeper understanding of Electronic Circuit Analysis, students can utilize the various notes and PPTs available for this subject and refer to question banks of previous years.

Electronic Circuit Analysis Notes Free PDF Download

Students pursuing the B. Tech courses can download and refer to the Electronic Circuit Analysis Notes PDF and build strong foundations of the subject for both examinations and future prospects and in the field. The PDF will allow you to understand the topics in a detailed manner with the inclusion of lucid language and comprehensive diagrams and explanations.

The notes have been formulated keeping in mind the practicality of the subject and include several lab manual procedures leading to exceeding problem-solving skills and subsequent grades in examinations.

The various formats for downloading notes and other study material for Electronic Circuit Analysis are as follows:

• Electronic Circuit Analysis Question bank with Answers PDF
• Electronic Circuit Analysis handwritten notes PDF
• Electronic Circuit Analysis II Semester notes PDF
• Electronic Circuit Analysis Question Papers PDF
• Electronic Circuit Analysis PPT

Electronic Circuit Analysis Reference Books

Books are certainly the best sources for study material on a particular subject. There are many reference books available in the market on the subject matter of Electronic Circuit Analysis providing abundant information and strong conceptual background acting as a rich source of information for students and aspirants.

You can easily refer to the reference books mentioned in this article to increase your knowledge about the subject matter.

The following provides a list of reference books for Electronic Circuit Analysis as prescribed and recommended by some of the leading experts in the field all around the world. Students can choose from this list according to their needs.

• Electronic Circuit Analysis (2013), by Rashid and Cengage Learning.
• Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory (2008 PE, 9th Edition), by Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky.
• Micro electric Circuits (2009, 5th Edition, Oxford University Press), by Sedra and Smith.
• Electronic Circuit Analysis (2004, BSP), by K. Lal Kishore.
• Electronic Devices and Circuits (2009, TMH, 2nd Edition), by N. Sheesh Kumar and A Vallavaraj.
• Integrated Electronics (2008, TMH), by Jacob Millman and Christos C. Halkias.
• Design of Analog CMOS Integrated Circuits (2008, TMH), by Behzad Razavi
• Engineering Circuit Analysis (6th edition, McGraw Hill Company), by William Hayt and Jack E. Kemmerley.
• Network Analysis (Hall is India Pvt. Ltd.), by Van Valkenburg.
• Fundamentals of Electric Circuits (McGraw Hill Education, India), by Charles K. Alexander and Mathew N. O. Sadiku.
• Linear Circuit Analysis (Oxford Publications), by De Carlo.
• Introductory Circuit Analysis (Pearson publications), by Robert L. Boylestad.
• Analysis and Synthesis – Circuit Theory by A. Chakrabarthi and DhanpatRai and Company.

Electronic Circuit Analysis Updated Curriculum

Referring to the latest version of the syllabus can help students in correctly planning and organising several topics and concepts for efficient and productive preparations and secure good marks.

The updated curriculum for Electronic Circuit Analysis for 2nd-year 2nd semester consists of 5 Units containing vast knowledge on design and analysis of different types of circuits and help students in answering questions in examinations with increased capacity and understanding.

Following is the latest version of the syllabus for Electronic Circuit Analysis.

UNIT	TOPIC
UNIT-I: Single-Stage Amplifiers	Classification of amplifiers Transistor hybrid model Analysis of a transistor CE CB & CC amplifier circuit using simplified h-parameters Analysis of CE amplifier with emitter resistance emitter follower Distortion in amplifiers Analysis of cascaded RC coupled BJT amplifier cascade amplifier Darlington pair Coupling schemes-RC coupled amplifier transformer-coupled amplifier Direct-coupled Amplifier multistage amplifier using JFET
UNIT-II: BJT Amplifiers- Frequency Response	Logarithms Decibels general frequency considerations The frequency response of an amplifier Analysis at low and High Frequencies Hybrid-pi (π) common emitter transistor model hybrid – π conductances and capacitances the validity of hybrid- π model variation of hybrid – π parameters Miller’s theorem and it’s dual the CE short circuit current gain current gain with resistive load gain-bandwidth product emitter follower at high frequencies
UNIT-III: Feedback Amplifiers	Concept of Feedback and types transfer again with feedback general characteristics of negative feedback amplifiers Effect of negative feedback on amplifiers characteristics voltage series, current series current shunt voltage shunt feedback amplifiers Classification of oscillators Constituents of an oscillator Barkhausen criterion RC phase shift oscillator Wein-bridge oscillator Generalized analysis of LC oscillators- Hartley and Colpitts oscillator Crystal oscillator Stability of oscillator Wein bridge oscillator Crystal oscillator frequency stability UJT relaxation oscillator
UNIT-IV: Large Signal Amplifiers	Classification Distortion in amplifiers class A large signal amplifiers transformer coupled class A power amplifier the efficiency of class A amplifier class B power amplifier efficiency of class B amplifier class B push pull amplifier Complementary symmetry class B push pull amplifiers class AB push pull amplifier class C amplifiers class D amplifier thermal stability heat sink.
UNIT-V: Tuned Amplifiers	Introduction classification of tuned amplifiers small signal tuned amplifier Effect of cascading single tuned amplifier on bandwidth Effect of cascading Double tuned amplifier on bandwidth Staggered tuned amplifier stability of Tuned Amplifier

List of Important Questions on Electronic Circuit Analysis

Students must know beforehand what kind and pattern of questions are going to appear in examinations. To effectively understand this, students can refer to and practice as many questions as they can regarding the subject.

Following refers to the list of certain important questions that have a high probability to appear in the examinations for Electronic Circuit Analysis and increase their confidence as well as problem-solving ability.

• Explain the chief characteristics of amplifiers.
• Differentiate between CB, CC, and CE amplifiers.
• Count and clarify with essential derivations, the attributes that get influenced by negative feedback.
• Draw the circuit for CASCODE Amplifier. Clarify its working, acquire the general estimations of the circuit as far as h-boundaries.
• What do you understand about power amplifiers and would you characterize them as dependent on a class of operation?
• Draw the chart of a capacitance coupled tuned amplifier and determine an expression for its quality factor.
• Shine light on Giacelletto model of a Transistor. Determine the connection between different parameters.
• Show that Bandwidth diminishes with cascading of single tuned amplifiers.
• Determine the articulation for the transformation efficiency of a Class B Power amplifier.
• Define the Clapp oscillator and examine its points of interest and compare it with the Colpitts oscillator.

Frequently Asked Questions on Electronic Circuit Analysis Notes

Question 1.
Can one utilize these notes for revision during examinations?

Answer:
Yes, Students can rest assured about the Electronic Circuit Analysis Notes PDF and comfortably utilize them as revision notes as well. The notes have been formulated in a detailed manner with proper headings and subheadings and excellent organization of the study material. This will make it easier for students to refer back and forth between points easily while revising for their exams.

Question 2.
What do you understand about the Electronic Amplifier circuit?

Answer:
The electronic amplifier circuit adjusts the qualities of the input signal when conveyed the outward side. It may very well be as for current, voltage, or power respectively.

Question 3.
What is the frequency of operation and type of coupling of a Class B amplifier?

Answer:
A Class B amplifier has audio frequencies and inductively coupled amplifiers.

Conclusion on Electronic Circuit Analysis Notes

The abovementioned Electronic Circuit Analysis Notes PDF is an excellent source of information and study material so that students can efficiently and effectively prepare for the B. Tech 2nd semester examinations. These notes provide maximum reliability, credibility, and flexibility to gain maximum knowledge with minimal effort on the unnecessary subject matter.

Aeronautical Engineering Notes: Aeronautical Engineering Notes and other reference sources enlisted in this BTech Geeks article act as the primary study material tool that helps students better and improvises their preparation or revision to secure better grades. Students can avail the credible Aeronautical Engineering Notes pdf as per the latest and updated curriculum from here.

Aeronautical Engineering Notes presents a comprehensive overview of the latest and updated course curriculum through study tools like syllabus, textbooks and reference books, and the crucial questions list over regular notes. Avail subject-wise B.Tech Notes related to Engineering Departments like ECE, CSE, Mech, EEE, Civil, etc. all in one place and plan your preparation according to your requirements.

Students can download the Aeronautical Engineering Notes for free from this article and refer to the other reference materials and secure good grades.

• Introduction to Aeronautical Engineering
• Aeronautical Engineering Textbooks and Reference Books
• Aeronautical Engineering Updated Syllabus
• List of Aeronautical Engineering Important and Potential Questions
• Frequently Asked Questions on Aeronautical Engineering Notes
• Conclusion

Introduction to Aeronautical Engineering

Aerospace engineering notes: Aeronautical Engineering is a popular branch of Engineering that deals with the fundamentals of aeronautics through the history of aviation. Aeronautical Engineering begins with the inception of Montgolfier brothers’ balloon flight in the year 1783 and the Wright brothers’ heavier-than-air flight in the year 1903 till the current and future aircraft designs.

Aeronautical Engineering graduates will get a brief comprehension of the aerodynamics, stability, propulsion, stability, the structure of an aircraft and the flight performance trajectory with related exercises and demonstrations.

Aeronautical Engineering demonstrates how the shape of the wing or an airfoil impacts the amount of lift generated through the block three covers of the flight mechanics. These chapters are inclusive of various flight phases, such as descending, climbing or cruise, and other optimal flying conditions occurring in each stage.

Aeronautical Engineering Notes PDF Free Download

In Aeronautical Engineering Notes, you will learn and hold a thorough comprehension of the design and research of the machines or aeroplanes that move in space and within the earth’s atmosphere. Students can refer to the Aeronautical Engineering Notes from here and enhance their preparation approaches to secure a good average.

Aeronautical Engineering Notes pdfs are credible reference sources that help students get a brief comprehension of the subjects and concepts.

Students pursuing Aeronautical Engineering can access this article and download to refer to these pdfs to hold a thorough preparation.

Aeronautical Engineering Reference Books

Students can acquire the best and highly significant textbooks and reference books on Aeronautical Engineering as per the subject experts’ recommendations from here. The reference books provide the necessary information about the essential concepts.

Students can refer to textbooks or reference books to gain a comprehensive overview of the entire subject and the essential topics. Candidates can select the text that meets their knowledge and prepare accordingly.

The list of best and credible textbooks or reference books for Aeronautical Engineering preparation inclusive of the latest and updated syllabus are as follows-

Books	Author
The Development of Jet and Turbine Aero Engines	Bill Gunston
Russian Piston Aero Engines	Victor Kotelnikov
Aircraft Design: A Conceptual Approach	Daniel Raymer
Dynamics of Atmospheric Flight	Bernard Etkin
Aeronautical Engineer’s Data Book	Cliff Matthews
Aerodynamics for Engineers	John J Bertin and  Russell M. Cummings
Fundamentals of Aerodynamics	John Anderson
Mechanics and Thermodynamics of Propulsion	Philip G. Hill and Carl Peterson
Aircraft Structures for Engineering Students	T.H.G. Megson
Aircraft Performance and Design	John Anderson

Aeronautical Engineering Updated Syllabus

Aeronautical Engineering syllabus is the most effective preparation tool as it presents a brief and concise outline of the important chapters and topics. We have introduced a comprehensive and detailed overview of the Aeronautical Engineering syllabus, taking into consideration every student’s requirements.

The Aeronautical Engineering course curriculum presents a clear idea of what to study, and the semester- wise breakdown highlights all the crucial subjects that fall under each semester for you to allot time to each subject and topic.

Students must remain aware and updated of the aeronautical Engineering Syllabus to prevent squandering unnecessary time on redundant topics and secure good grades.

The updated and standard semester-wise division of the Aeronautical Engineering Syllabus is as follows-

Semester	Subjects
SEMESTER- I	Engineering Maths – I Engineering Physics Elements of Civil Engg. & Engineering Mechanics Elements of Mechanical Engg. Basic Electrical Engg. Workshop Practice Engg. Physics Lab Constitution of India & Professional Ethics Language (Kan.)
SEMESTER- II	Engineering Maths – II Engineering Chemistry Computer Concepts & C Programming Computer-Aided Engineering Drawing Basic Electronics Computer Programming Lab Engg. Chemistry Lab Environmental Studies Language (Eng.)
SEMESTER- III	Engineering Mathematics-III Material Science and Metallurgy or Mechanical Measurement and Metrology Basic Thermodynamics Mechanics of Materials Manufacturing Processes Computer-Aided Machine Drawing or Fluid Mechanics Metallography and Material Testing Lab or Mechanical Measurement and Metrology Lab Foundry and Forging Laboratory or Machine shop
SEMESTER- IV	Engg. Maths – IV Material Science and Metallurgy or Mechanical Measurements and Metrology Applied Thermodynamics Kinematics of Machines Elements of Aeronautics Computer-Aided Machine drawing or Fluid Mechanics Metallography and Material Testing Lab  or Mechanical Measurements and Metrology laboratory Foundry and  Forging lab or Machine Shop
SEMESTER- V	Management and Entrepreneurship Introduction to Composite Materials Dynamics of Machines Aerodynamics Aircraft Propulsion Aircraft Structures Aerodynamics Lab. Energy Conversion Lab
SEMESTER- VI	Applied Gas Dynamics Aircraft Performance Aerodynamics – II Finite Element Analysis Theory of Vibrations Structures Lab. Propulsion Laboratory Elective-I (Group A)              (a) Numerical Methods              (b) Aircraft Materials              (c) Combustion             (d) Reliability Engineering             (e) Industrial Management             (f) Rockets and Missiles
SEMESTER- VII	Control Engineering Aircraft Structures – II Aircraft Stability and Control Gas Turbine / Technology Design, Modeling and Analysis Laboratory Simulation Laboratory Elective-II (Group B) Optimisation Techniques Computational Fluid Dynamics Aircraft Maintenance, Repair and                            Overhaul                   Statistical Quality Control Theory of plates and shells Nondestructive Testing Mechatronics and Microprocessor Total Quality Management Elective-III (Group C) Experimental Stress analysis Helicopter Dynamics Space Mechanics and Launch Vehicles Smart Materials Agile Manufacturing Robotics Industrial and Experimental Aerodynamics Micro and Smart Systems Technology
SEMESTER- VIII	Flight Vehicle Design Avionics Project Work Seminar on Current / Topics Elective-IV (Group D) Flight Testing  Fracture Mechanics Theory of Aeroelasticity Hydraulics and Pneumatics Reliability and Maintenance Engineering Boundary Layer Theory Operation Research Aerospace Quality Assurance Elective-V (Group E) Aircraft Safety Rules and Regulations Guidance and Navigation Management Information Systems Project Management Product Design and Manufacturing Artificial Intelligence Computer Integrated Manufacturing Aircraft Systems and Instrumentation

List of Aeronautical Engineering Important Questions

Students pursuing Aeronautical Engineering can read through the essential and potential questions enlisted below to have a comprehensive overview of the entire course programme. All the review questions enumerated below aims to help every student excel in the examination and secure better grades.

1. State the functions performed by the rudder on an aircraft or a spacecraft.
2. Write short notes on the design features used to optimise the performance of any aircraft flying at fast speeds and high altitudes, such as airliners.
3. Enlist and briefly explain the mechanical properties referred to when designing an aircraft.
4. State the different types of stress that need to be accounted for or taken into consideration when designing an aircraft.
5. Enlist and briefly explain the primary objectives of aerodynamics.
6. Write short notes on the forces that are involved in calculating the effects of aerodynamics in an aeroplane.
7. State the mechanical properties considered while designing an aeroplane.
8. Briefly describe the two primary categories used in the maintenance of an aircraft.
9. Describe why a strain must be accounted for in the traditional design of an aeroplane.
10. Enlist the primary areas and goals in Aviation.

FAQ’s on Aeronautical Engineering Notes

Question 1.
Why is Aeronautical Engineering syllabus essential?

Answer:
Aeronautical Engineering syllabus is the most effective preparation tool as it presents a brief and concise outline of the important chapters and topics. The Aeronautical Engineering course curriculum offers a clear idea of what to study, and a semester- wise breakdown highlighting all the essential subjects that fall under each semester.

Question 2.
State a few skills required for a student to become an Aeronautical Engineer.

Answer:
A few essential skills required for every aeronautical engineer graduates are:-

Problem-solving and analytical skills, Team working and communication skills, Flexibility, Ability to think creatively, and Time Management Skills.

Question 3.
How can students access the Aeronautical Engineering Notes pdfs?

Answer:
Students can access this article on Aeronautical Engineering Notes and download the Notes pdfs and refer to them during their preparation or revision process.

Question 4.
Enlist a few potential and essential questions on Aeronautical Engineering.

Answer:

1. Enlist and briefly explain the mechanical properties referred to when designing an aircraft.
2. State the different types of stress that need to be accounted for or taken into consideration when designing an aircraft.
3. Enlist and briefly explain the primary objectives of aerodynamics.

Conclusion

The article on Aeronautical Engineering Notes is a vital platform that offers credible and reliable sources of reference. All the study materials enlisted above like the textbooks, essential questions, and other reference materials aim to help and improvise every student’s knowledge and understanding of the concepts and subjects during the preparation process, revision process, and examination. Students can download the Aeronautical Engineering Notes pdfs, and refer to the textbooks and reference books, and practice the crucial questions from the article on Aeronautical Engineering Notes.

Fluid Mechanics Lecture Notes PDF: Engineering students pursuing their Mechanical or Civil engineering or students applying for GATE can get a grip on the Fluid Mechanics course & other sources of reference from this article. Students can access the best & most credible sources of notes on Fluid Mechanics to enhance & better their preparation or revision process of essential concepts.

The article on Notes of Fluid Mechanics acts as the principal & ultimate preparation tool that fosters and enhances better preparation and helps students secure good grades. Students can download the pdf formats for free and refer to the Fluid Mechanics Lecture Notes as per the latest & up-to-date curriculum from here.

The B.Tech Fluid Motion Mechanics Notes give candidates a head start as they will also acquire the latest, updated, and comprehensive notes in pdf format, updated syllabus structure, subject expert-recommended reference books, and all the important questions on Fluid Mechanics Lecture Notes over regular class notes.

Participants can avail the Fluid Mechanics Hand Written Notes Pdf along with the list of reference books and important questions from this article & better preparation methods and apply strategies during the examination to achieve better grades.

• Fluid Mechanics Reference Books
• Fluid Mechanics Syllabus
• List of Fluid Mechanics Important Questions
• FAQs on Fluid Mechanics Lecture Notes
• Conclusion

Introduction to Fluid Mechanics Complete Notes

Fluid mechanics notes for mechanical engineering: Mechanics is the oldest branch of physical science that deals with moving & stationary bodies under the influence of external or internal forces. Introduction to Fluid Mechanics consists of simple concepts through suitable day-to-day examples in connection through mathematics.

This branch of mechanics deals with statics while the branch of dynamics deals with motion. Fluid Mechanics is defined as the branch of physics or engineering that analyzes the behaviour of fluids at static or in motion. It even analyzes the interaction of fluids with other fluids or solids at boundary levels. The concept of Fluid Mechanics enlists various theories of flow that can be applied or connected to real phenomena and can draw simplification through illustrations with numerous figures & photographs.

Besides experiments, theoretical considerations, & simulations used heavily in research, the most accurate, practical, and productive approach for Fluid Mechanics is the combination of all three methods.

B.Tech Fluid Mechanics PDF Free Download Notes & Study Materials

Students pursuing their Bachelor’s in Technology (B.Tech), Mechanical Engineering, or Civil Engineering can access the best and credible sources of reference from the Fluid Mechanics Free PDF Notes briefed in this article. Students can enhance & better their preparation with the ultimate preparation tools and secure better marks.

Candidates can access and download the notes free pdfs & refer to them whenever during the preparation or revision process. The frequent utilization of Notes Fluid Mechanics as a source of reference will help candidates get a better hunch of all the important concepts &  change their score game.

Here, are a list of a few credible and important Fluid Mechanics Lecture Notes for a thorough preparation of B.E or B.Tech course programme-

• Fluid Mechanics Lecture Notes for Mechanical Engineering Pdf
• Fluid Mechanics Hand Written Notes Pdf
• Fluid Mechanics Handwritten Notes Free Pdfs
• Fluid Motion Mechanics Notes for GATE Pdf
• Fluid Mechanics lecture Notes Pdfs.
• Fluid Mechanics Programme Past Year’s Question Paper Pdfs
• Chapter-wise Fluid Dynamics Mechanics Lecture Notes Pdfs
• Fluid Mechanics PDF Notes for Civil Engineering Pdf

Reference Books of the Fluid Dynamics Mechanics

Textbooks and Reference Books are a rich source of information and well-researched data that guide and teach students of all the important topics enlisted in the curriculum of Fluid Mechanics topics Candidates should ensure to consult books that offer them excellent conceptual background.

The article on Notes Fluid Motion Mechanics enlists the best textbooks and reference books on Fluid Mechanics as per the subject experts’ recommendations. Students can refer & read through the Fluid Mechanics boundary layer theory textbooks & reference books during their preparation.

The list of best and highly influential books for Fluid Mechanics preparation are as follows, & candidates can select the book that meets their knowledge and prepare accordingly.

1. Fluid Mechanics by Modi and Seth
2. Fluid Mechanics by Dr A. K. Jain
3. Fluid Mechanics by J.F.Douglas, J.M. Gaserek, and J.A. Swaffirld
4. Introduction to Fluid Machines by S.K.Som and G.Biswas
5. Fluid Mechanics by Streeter and Wylie
6. Open Channel Flow by K. G. RangaRaju
7. Fluid Mechanics- Fundamentals and Applications by Yunus Cengel and Jhon Cimbala
8. Fluid Mechanics by A.K. Mohanty
9. Introduction to Fluid Machines by Edward J. Shaughnessy Jr, Ira M. Katz, and James P. Schaffer
10. A text of Fluid mechanics and hydraulic machines by Dr R.K. Bansal
11. Fluid Mechanics by Frank. M. White
12. Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines
13. Engineering Fluid Mechanics by R. J. Garde and A.J Mirajgaonkar
14. Fluid Mechanics by K. Subramanya
15. Open Channel Flow by M. M. Das

PDF Notes Fluid Mechanics Syllabus & Curriculum

The syllabus is the best course planning tool that can make your preparation effective through a thorough organization, structure, and planning of contents in the Fluid Mechanics course programme. The Fluid Mechanics syllabus provides students with an initial idea and a basic outline of important topics or concepts. The article on Fluid Dynamics Mechanics PDF Notes provides a detailed view of the course curriculum, taking into consideration every student’s requirements and needs.

The Fluid Mechanics course syllabus gives students a clear idea of what to study and how to study. Students can access the unit-wise division of all the important topics that fall under each unit and allot time to each topic and prepare accordingly.

Students should ensure to cover all the important topics before attempting to be in the Fluid Mechanics exam so that the paper is easy and answerable during the exam. Candidates should remain aware of an entire Fluid Mechanics Syllabus to prevent wasting unnecessary time on redundant topics.

The updated unit-wise division of all the important topics listed in the Fluid Mechanics Syllabus is as follows-

Unit	Topics
UNIT-I	Introduction- Differences between fluid and solid, Differences between gas and liquid Types of Fluid- Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids, Compressible and incompressible fluids Physical Properties- Viscosity, Vapor pressure, Compressibility and Bulkmodulus, Surface tension, Capillarity Problems -SurfaceTension Fluid Statics- Pascal’s law for pressure at a point in a fluid, Variation of pressure in a Static fluid, Absolute and gauge pressure, and vacuum Pressure Management- Fluid Pressure, Barometers, Piezometers, Manometers, and Pressure Gauges- Bourdon gauge Buoyancy – principles Units and Dimensions Similitude and model studies
UNIT-II	Fluid Flow- Streamline, Stream tube Steady and Uniform flow, One-dimensional and multidimensional flow, Equation of continuity, Energy equation – Bernoulli’s equation, Momentum equation, Torricelli equation, Trajectory of a liquid-jet issued upwards in the atmosphere, Trajectory of a jet issued from an orifice at the side of a tank, Water Hammer, Laminar and Turbulent flow Boundary-Layer Concept- Introduction, Development of boundary layer for flow over a flat plate, Development of boundary layer for flow through the circular pipe, Entry length, Fully developed flow, Boundary layer separation The flow of incompressible fluid in pipes- Laminar flow, Hagen Poiseuille equation, Friction factor, the Pressure drop in turbulent flow, Velocity Distribution for turbulent flow, Surface roughness, Flow-through non-circular pipes, Flow-through curved pipes, Expansion losses, Contraction losses, Losses for flow-through fittings, Equivalent length of pipe fittings Types of flow problems Compressible fluid flow- Equations of compressible flow, Velocity of sound in the fluid, Mach number, Nozzles, and diffusers, Maximum velocity Two Dimensional Flow- Velocity potential, Potential function, Irrotational flow
UNIT-III	Closed channel flow measurement- Venturi meter, Orifice meter, Venturi – Orifice Comparison, Pitot tube, Rotameter, Flow measurement based on Doppler effect, Hotwire and hot film anemometer, Magnetic flow meter Open channel flow measurement- Elementary theory of weirs and notches, Rectangular notch, V-notch, Suppressed and contracted weirs, Submerged weirs, Trapezoidal notch
UNIT-IV	Flow past immersed bodies- Form drag, Wall drag, Drag coefficients Friction in the flow-through bed of solids- Blake-Kozeny Equation, Burke-Plummer Equation, Ergun equation Packed Towers- Applications, Various types of packing, Requirements for good packing, Loading and Flooding Fluidization- Minimum fluidizing velocity, Pressure Drop in Fluidized bed, Fluidization Types The motion of a particle through fluid Terminal settling velocity Operating ranges of fluidization Applications of fluidization Pneumatic transport
UNIT-V	Transportation of fluids- Pump classifications, Suction, discharge, net pressure heads, specific speed and power calculations, and NPSH Characteristics and constructional details of centrifugal pumps- Cavitation, and Priming Positive displacement pumps- Piston pumps – single and double-acting, Plunger pumps, Diaphragm pump Rotary pumps- Gear pumps, Lobe pumps, Screw pumps Airlift pump Jet pump Selection of pumps Fans, blowers, and compressors

List of Fluid Mechanics Important Questions

Candidates pursuing Mechanical Engineering can read through and practice the list of all the essential questions enumerated below for the Fluid Mechanics course programme. All the review questions enlisted below aim to help each candidate to excel in the examination and secure better grades.

1. State Newton’s Law of Viscosity with suitable examples.
2. Define the terminologies- Vapour Pressure and Surface Tension.
3. State the classification of the types of liquids.
4. Derive Bernoulli’s equation for flow along a streamline and enumerate the assumptions.
5. With a neat-labelled illustration, explain the various elements of a Hydropower Plant.
6. Briefly explain the calculation process of pressure using differential manometers.
7. Solve the numerical- Determine the extend force by a jet on the work done and the plate, when the jet of water 50 mm in diameter issues and with a velocity of 10m/sec and normally impinges on a stationary flat plate which moves in forward motion.
8. Define mass Density and state its unit measurement.
9. Write short notes on the centrifugal and reciprocating pump.
10. Briefly explain Kinematic Viscosity with suitable examples.

FAQs on Fluid Mechanics Lecture Notes

Question 1.

Define Fluid Dynamics Mechanics with common applications.

Answer:

Fluid Mechanics is the branch of mechanics that deals with the various properties of liquids and gases but, essentially it is the study of fluids either in motion- known as fluid in dynamic mode or at static- known as fluid in static mode.

Applications: A few most common applications of Fluid Mechanics are Hydroelectric Power Plants, Hydraulic machines, Automobiles, Heat Engines, etc.

Question 2.

What are the advantages of Fluid Dynamics Mechanics Lecture Notes Pdfs?

Answer:

Fluid Motion Mechanics Notes Pdf provides the best and credible sources of reference that enhance and better students’ preparation. These pdfs act as the ultimate preparation tools and help students strategize their methods or approaches and secure better marks.

Candidates can download the pdf for free and refer to them whenever during the preparation or revision process. The frequent utilization of the Fluid Dynamics Mechanics Lecture Notes pdfs as a source of reference will help candidates get a better hunch of all the important concepts and change their score game.

Question 3.

How is the Fluid Mechanics syllabus different from reference materials?

Answer:

The Fluid Mechanics syllabus acts as the best course planning tool that can make student’s preparation effective through a thorough organization, structure, and planning approaches. The Fluid Mechanics syllabus provides students with an initial idea and a basic outline of the important topics or concepts and provides a detailed view of the course curriculum.

The Fluid Mechanics course syllabus gives students a clear idea of what to study and how to study, and the unit-wise division of all the important topics that fall under each unit help students allot time to each topic and prepare accordingly.

Question 4.

State four probable questions on Fluid Mechanics

Answer:

• State Newton’s Law of Viscosity with suitable examples.
• Define the terminologies- Vapour Pressure and Surface Tension.
• State the classification of the types of liquids.
• Derive Bernoulli’s equation for flow along a streamline and enumerate the assumptions.

Conclusion on Books & Notes of Fluid Mechanics

The article on Notes Fluid Mechanics aims to help students get hold of accredited and accurate sources of study materials. The list of all the important notes, study materials, reference books, and important questions listed above foster to help students enhance and better their knowledge and comprehension of the topics- notes Fluid Mechanics during their preparation or revision practice and at the time of examination.

Students should stay updated and make much use of all the important notes fluid mechanics and study material pdf, reference sources like textbooks and updated curriculum and practice from the Fluid Mechanics important question enlisted in this article.

Aerospace engineering notes: Aerospace Engineering is one of the most popular branches of Engineering for the students of graduation and post-graduation. The entire course provides the student with immense skills and knowledge for designing, manufacturing, and maintaining the aircraft, spacecraft, weapons, and missiles.

Aerospace Engineering also contains several concepts of mechanical Engineering. It covers a more comprehensive range of concepts of physics, mathematics, computer applications and structure, robotics, electricity, drafting, aeronautics, and many more. Additionally, the courses also cover the two vital matters of Engineering, which are, Astronomical Engineering and Aeronautical Engineering.

The course is one of the most challenging branches of the Engineering courses and is also widely popular among the worldwide engineering aspirants.

Aerospace Engineering Notes and Syllabus

First Year:	Professional Communication Environmental Studies Mechanical Engineering fundamentals Engineering Mathematics -1 Engineering Mathematics -2 Engineering Physics Technical Communication Electrical Engineering fundamentals Engineering Chemistry Electronics Engineering fundamentals Computer Fundamentals Engineering Drawing
Second Year:	Engineering Mathematics – 3 Aerospace Engineering introduction Thermodynamics and Aero Engineering Control Engineering Aerospace Structures – 1 Fluid Mechanics & Machinery Aerodynamics -1 Propulsion -1 Solid Mechanics Elements of Avionics Numerical Methods Environmental Science & Engineering
Third Year:	Flight Mechanics -1 Flight Mechanics – 2 Aerospace Structures – 2 Propulsion – 2 Propulsion -3 Aerodynamics – 2 Aircraft Maintenance Practices Advanced Materials and performance Vibration elements Electives
Fourth Year:	Flight Mechanics – 3 Missiles and rockets Total quantity management Professional ethics Space system and satellite design Composite materials and structure introduction Electives Major Project

Avail subject-wise B.Tech Notes related to Engineering Departments like ECE, CSE, Mech, EEE, Civil, etc. all in one place at BTech Geeks and plan your preparation according to your requirements.

Required Skillsets to study Aerospace Engineering:

Aerospace Engineering is a specialized branch of the Engineering curriculum, and it involves several high-tech concepts, requiring immense knowledge in observation skills, calculative skills, and mathematics. Experts of the field need tremendous experience for the research based on the concepts of Aerospace Engineering; thus, for the candidates, the two essential skills are persistence and resilience.

To be a successful aerospace Engineer, not just these, but many other skill sets are essential. Here is a list of all the skills necessary for the students of Aerospace Engineering:

1. A great academic history from Science stream.
2. Stronger mathematical and analytical skills.
3. Immense creativity.
4. More innovativeness in the concepts of product designing.
5. Capability to handle higher pressure and work under the same
6. Better stamina
7. Team working abilities
8. Skills to be a leader of the team.

Eligibility Criteria for Aerospace Engineering:

There are some minimum eligibility criteria that every Aerospace Engineering aspirant must meet for pursuing the course.

B.Tech/ BE:

For pursuing BE/ B.Tech from Aerospace Engineering, the students have qualified Class 12th or higher secondary with 60% or above for general category and 55% or above for SC/ ST in Science.

M.Tech/ ME:

Aerospace Engineering is also there for the postgraduate degree of ME/ M.Tech; for this, the student must have completed Bachelors or any equivalent degree with 60%+ for general category and 55%+ for SC/ST. Additionally, the GATE scores are also important for getting admission in postgraduate or doctorate programs.

Admission Process for Aerospace Engineering:

For taking admission in Aerospace Engineering, the students must go for either of the below-mentioned options.

Admission based on entrance test:

For this method, the candidates must appear in any of the entrance examinations, including JEE Main/ Advance, CET, MHT, and others. Based on the performance of the students in the entrance exams, the top institutes prepare a merit list and then start with conducting the counselling rounds for finally allocating the seats. The students can go for any level of the entrance exam, including the state level, national level, and institute level, to qualify for the admissions.

Direct admissions:

Through this method, the students can apply for the admissions directly for any program using the official portal of the institute. The candidates must also fulfil the eligibility criteria mentioned above to take admission in the course, and then they can pay the admission fee to secure their seat.

Job Profiles for Aerospace Engineers:

Aerospace Engineers perform the designing of weapon systems, missiles, aircraft, and spacecraft. Additionally, they are responsible for the assembling and maintenance of the systems and ensuring that they function correctly and effectively. Many Aerospace Engineers also have specialization in propulsions, guidance control, air guidance, and others.

There are many responsibilities of Aerospace Engineers, as mentioned below:

• Developing newer technologies for using in aviation, defence systems, and spacecraft.
• Design, assembling, and test for the aerospace and aircraft products.
• Examining the damage and malfunctioning in any equipment for finding the reasons behind them and then offering the right solution.
• Finding out the cost and feasibility of newer project proposals.
• Determining the quality standards and acceptance criteria for the designs and maintain the sustainment after delivery and completion dates.
• Evaluating that the product or project meets the engineering principles, customer requirements, safety norms, and environmental challenges.
• Manufacturing the entire aircraft and its components with the designing team.

Aerospace Engineers can also have specialization in Aeronautical or astronomical Engineering. Aeronautical Engineers works on the components of aircraft and the Astronomical Engineers work on the technologies related to spacecraft.

Aerospace Engineering Jobs:

Currently, Aerospace Engineers hold around 66,400 jobs in all and the largest employees of the field are as follows:

1. Manufacturing of Aerospace products and parts – 36%
2. Federal Government posts – 16%
3. Engineering services – 15%
4. Manufacturing of measuring, navigation, control, and electromedical instruments – 10%
5. R&D in Engineering, physical, and life sciences – 8%

Aerospace Engineers get employed in the industries where workers do the designing and manufacturing of missiles, aircraft, and other systems for the defence system of the nation. They mainly work for the firms engaging in R&D, manufacturing, design and analysis, and also for the streams of the federal government.

Presently, most of the aerospace Engineers spend their time in the office environment as the modern techniques of aerospace designing needs using the sophisticated software design tools and computer equipment for training, evaluation, testing and modelling.

Aerospace Engineers also work with the professionals of designing and aircraft and spacecraft building fields. Thus, they must also have better communication skills and know the right ways for the division of tasks for better management and achievements.

Top Recruiters of Aerospace Engineering:

Aerospace Engineering is a continuously evolving field, and recently it had acquired several advancements in various aspects, including the development and functioning of spacecraft and aircraft. Previously, only the governmental organizations used to be the principal entities involved in this field. Still, now, many private companies are also entering the sector, opening many gates for the Aerospace Engineering candidates.

Below are some best recruiters that every Aerospace Engineer must target for:

• Indian Space Research Organization
• National Aerospace Laboratories
• Hindustan Aeronautical Limited
• Defence Research and Development Organization
• Airbus
• Goodrich
• GE
• Boeing

Other careers related to Aerospace Engineers:

Aerospace Engineering provides various opportunities for the students, and the career options that the students can choose from are as follows:

Technicians for Aerospace Engineering and Operations:

These technicians work for the operation and maintenance of several types of equipment used for the development, testing, production, and sustaining of newer spacecraft and aircraft. These workers also make use of modelling based on computer and other simulation tools and processes along with advance robotics and automation.

Managers for Architectural and Engineering aspects:

They do the planning, directing, and coordination of the activities in Engineering and architectural companies.

Engineers of Computer Hardware:

These engineers do the research, designing, development, and testing of the computer systems and components like the routers, networks, memory devices, circuit boards, and processors.

Engineering Technicians of Electricals and Electronics:

They help the engineers in designing and developing the computers and communication equipment, monitoring devices, navigation equipment, and other electronics and electrical equipment. They also work for the evaluation and testing of the products and using the measuring and diagnostic tools for adjusting, testing, and repairing the equipment.

Engineers of Electricals and Electronics:

These people do the designing, development, testing, and supervising for the electrical equipment’s manufacturing, like radar, navigation systems, and electric motors. They also design and develop electronic equipment, including a communication system and a broadcasting device like GPS devices and music players.

Industrial Engineers:

They always reach out to the ways for eliminating the wastage in the production process. They come up with the efficient systems for integrating the workers, materials, energy, information, and machines, for providing any product or service.

Material Engineers:

These engineers develop, test, and process the materials for the creation of a broader range of products, including the aircraft wings and computer chips, biomedical devices, and golf clubs. They understand the structure and properties of metals, composites, plastics, ceramics, nanomaterials, and other substances for creating a newer material to meet some electrical, mechanical, and chemical needs.

Mechanical Engineers:

These people do the designing, development, building, and testing of thermal and mechanical sensors and devices, like some machines, engines, or tools.

Frequently Asked Questions:

Q1: What is there in the Aerospace Engineering course?

A1: These courses generally last from three to five years, depending on the qualification type that the student chooses. The students of the course get an in-depth understanding of the entire subject and its vital concepts. The students also understand the aerospace industry and the graduates working in several organizations.

Just after two years of the completion of the course, the students can also switch to the specialization courses. Placement for the bachelor courses of this field generally starts at the end of the third year, and many prominent institutions do the hiring for the eligible and talented candidates.

There are several subjects involved in the course that are uniformly divided along with the duration of the degree. In the end, the students are required to submit some major project for the degree’s completion.

Q2: What are the eligibility criteria for the Aerospace Engineering course?

A2: Candidates of applying for the course must have taken Maths and Science as main subjects in the higher secondary education. Furthermore, they must also have qualified the 12th boards with 60% or above for general category and 55% or above SC/ST. The students must also have better scores in entrance exams to seek some scholarship or at least get a seat reserved in any prominent institution,

Conclusion

Aerospace Engineering is a very unique and popular field of engineering degree for the graduation and post-graduation level. Many institutes also provide doctorate degrees and diploma courses for the area. These engineers mainly deal with aircraft and spacecraft related measures, and after taking the specialization, their stream can also involve more fascinating jobs.

Aerospace Engineers are required to work for longer hours and do significant designing jobs, development, testing, and monitoring of spacecraft and aircraft.