Digital system design pdf – Digital System Design Notes and Study Material PDF Free Download

digital-system-design-notes

Digital System Design Notes: Aspirants looking to get hold of the Digital System Design Study Material and Lecture Notes can access the best notes for their preparation process or to have a revision of essential concepts.

The Digital System Design Notes and Study Materials acts as the principal study material, and notes that foster and enhance better preparation and helps students score better grades. Students can refer to the Digital System Design Notes as per the latest curriculum from this article.

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Introduction to Digital System Design Notes

Digital system design pdf: An advanced framework is a framework that accepts computerized signals as data sources, measures them, and produces computerized yield signals. An advanced sign is a sign where discrete advances are used to speak to data and change esteems just at discrete (fixed) time stretches. Interestingly, simple signs have “consistent” varieties in signal sufficiency over time. At a given moment of time, a simple sign has limitless potential qualities. A computerized signal has discrete sufficiency and time. Computerized frameworks are helpful in the regions of signal handling (i.e., sound, pictures, discourse, and so forth), registering, correspondence, and information stockpiling, among others.

Advanced frameworks are so ordinary in this day and age that we will in general miss seeing them. Practically all electronic frameworks are halfway or absolutely carefully based. Obviously, true signals are altogether simple, and interfacing to the outside world requires the transformation of a sign (data) from computerized to simple.  Notwithstanding, straightforwardness, flexibility, repeatability, and the capacity to deliver hugely and mind boggling (all things considered) frameworks financially make them brilliant for handling and putting away data (information).

Digital System Design Notes and Study Material PDF Free Download

Aspirants pursuing their Bachelors in Technology (B.Tech) or anybody who is interested in learning about the software can avail from the Digital System Design Notes and Study Material updated in this article. Students can aid your preparation with the ultimate preparation tools that help you score more marks.

Candidates can download the study material and notes and refer to them whenever during the preparation process. Use of the Digital System Design Notes and Study Materials as a reference will help candidates get a better understanding of the concepts and change their score chart.

Here, is a list of a few important notes for a thorough preparation of the Digital System Design course programme-

  • Digital System Design Notes PDF
  • Digital System Design Handwritten Notes PDFs
  • Digital System Design Notes for CSE PDFs
  • Digital System Design Question Paper PDFs
  • Digital System Design PPT Notes PDF

Digital System Design Reference Books

Books are a rich source of information and students should refer to books that provide excellent conceptual background. Candidates can avail the best books for Digital System Design as recommended by the experts of the subject.

Pupils can refer and read through the Digital System Design Books and other Study Sources during your preparation.

The list of best and highly recommended books for  Digital System Design preparation are as follows, and candidates can choose the book that meets their knowledge and prepare accordingly.

  • Digital principles and Applications By Malvino Leach and Saha
  • Digital Fundamentals By Floyd
  • Digital Systems by Ronald Tocci
  • Digital Fundamentals by Floyd and Jain
  • Digital Design with an Introduction to Verilog by Morris Mano
  • Digital Logic Design by Brian Holdsworth
  • An engineering approach to Digital Design

Digital System Design Curriculum

The best way to make your preparation effective is with an initial idea and an outline of the Digital System Design Syllabus. Keeping in mind every student’s requirements, we have provided a detailed view of the Digital System Design curriculum.

Digital System Design Course Curriculum will give students a clear idea of what to study, and the unit-wise break up gives topics under each unit carefully and allot time to each topic.

Students must cover all the topics before attempting the Digital System Design exam so that the paper is reasonably comfortable at the time of the exam. Candidates must ensure awareness of the Digital System Design Syllabus as it prevents you from wasting unnecessary time on redundant topics.

The updated unit-wise breakup of the Digital System Design Syllabus is as follows-

Unit Topics
UNIT I: Introduction to Digital Design – What is Digital? – Specification and Implementation of digital design – Structured and Trial-Error methods in design – Digital Computer-Aided Design (CAD) tools
UNIT II- Digital Logic Binary Number System – Octal, Hexa-decimal and BCD Codes – Number System Conversion – Use of different number systems in digital design – Logic gates – AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, etc. – NAND and NOR implementation of real-life digital circuits – Digital Circuit Characterization – Fan-in/Fan-out, Switching functions, Switching times, Noise margin, etc.
UNIT III- Boolean Algebra AND, OR and other relations – DeMorgan’s law – Karnaugh Maps – Minimization of Sum of Products and Product of Sums – Design of minimal two-level gate networks – Design of multiple output two level gate networks
UNIT IV- Combinational Circuit Design – Design Procedure – Design of Multiplexer, Decoder, Encoder, Comparator – Design of Seven-segment display, Parity generator – Design of large circuits using the above modules
UNIT V- Synchronous Sequential Circuit Design – Design of sequential modules – SR, D, T and J-K Flip-flops – Flip-flop applications – Clock generation, Counters, Registers – Basic State machine concepts
UNIT VI- Design of Programmable Logic Introduction to Programmable circuits – Design of Read-Only Memory (ROM), Programmable Logic Arrays (PLA), Programmable Array Logic (PAL)
UNIT VII- Digital Computing Introduction to digital computer – Design of Arithmetic circuits – Adders, Multipliers – Design of Memory – ROM/RAM – Design of a simple CPU

List of Digital System Design Important Questions

Candidates studying Digital System Design can go through the list of essential questions mentioned below for the Digital System Design course program. All the given review questions aim to help the candidates to excel in the examination.

  • State De Morgan’s Theorem?
  • Define Digital System?
  • What is meant by a bit?
  • What is the best Example of a Digital system?
  • How many types of number systems are there?
  • What is the Logic gate?
  • What are the basic Logic gates?
  • Which gates are called Universal gates and what are their advantages?
  • What are Boolean algebra and Boolean expressions?
  • What is meant by K-Map or Karnaugh Map?
  • Name the two forms of Boolean expression?
  • What are Minterm and Maxterm?
  • Write down the Characteristics of Digital ICs?
  • What are the limitations of the Karnaugh Map?
  • What are the fundamental properties of Boolean algebra?
  • What are the advantages and disadvantages of the Quine-MC Cluskey method?
  • Define Pair, Quad, and Octet?
  • Define Fan-in and Fan-out?
  • Write the definition of the Duality Theorem?
  • What is Half-Adder?
  • What is Full-Adder?
  • What is power dissipation?
  • What is Multiplexer?
  • What are the applications of Multiplexer (MUX)?
  • What is Demultiplexer?
  • What are the applications of Demultiplexer?
  • What are the differences between Combinational Circuits and Sequential Circuits?
  • Define Rise Time?
  • Define fall time?
  • Define Setup time?
  • Define Hold time?
  • What is the difference between Synchronous and Asynchronous Counters?
  • What are the applications of Flip-Flops?
  • What is the difference between D-latch and D Flip-flop?
  • What are the applications of Buffer?

FAQs on Digital System Design Notes

Question 1.
What is the difference between Latch and Flip-flop?

The difference between latches and Flip-flop is that the latches are level triggered and flip-flops are edge triggered. In latches level triggered means that the output of the latches changes as we change the input and edge triggered means that the control signal only changes its state when goes from low to high or high to low. Latches are fast whereas flip-flop is slow.

Question 2.
What is the binary number system?

The system which has a base 2 is known as the binary system and it consists of only two digits 0 and 1.

For Example: Take decimal number 625

625 = 600 + 20 + 5

That means,

6×100 + 2×10 + 5

6 ×102 + 2×101 + 5×100

In this 625 consist of three bits, we start writing the numbers from the rightmost bit power as 0 then the second bit as power 1, and the last as power 2. So, we can represent a decimal number as

∑digit × 10corresponding position or bit

Here 10 is the total number of digits from 0 to 9.

Question 3.
What are the applications of the octal number system?

The applications of the octal number system are as follows:

  1. For the efficient use of microprocessors.
  2. For the efficient use of digital circuits.
  3. It is used to enter binary data and display information.

Question 4.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of the K-Map Method?

The advantages of the K-Map method are as follows-

  1. It is an excellent method for simplifying the expression of up to four variables.
  2. For logical simplification, it gives us a visual method.
  3. It is suitable for both SOP and POS forms of reduction.
  4. It is more suitable for classroom teachings on logic simplification.

The disadvantages of the K-Map method are as follows:

  1. It is not suitable when the number of variables exceeds more than four.
  2. For Computer reduction, it is not suitable.
  3. We have to take while entering the numbers in the cell-like 0, 1 and don’t care terms.

Conclusion

The information on Digital System Design Notes is genuine and reliable and the above mentioned Books and Study Materials aim to help and enhance student’s knowledge and understanding of the subject during preparations and at the time of examination. Students can refer and practice from the provided Digital System Design Books, Study Materials, and Important Questions from this article.

Industrial Psychology Notes | Syllabus, Reference Books and Important Questions

Industrial Psychology Notes

Industrial Psychology Notes: Do you belong to Psychology or MBA or B.Com and are trying to get hold of the Industrial Psychology Notes and Reference Sources? Students can access and avail the best and credible notes and other reference materials for the preparation process or have a revision of essential concepts. Students can refer to the Big Data Lecture Notes For CSE as per the latest and updated syllabus from this article.

The Industrial Psychology Notes and Reference Materials acts as the principal study material tool that enhances and betters every student’s preparation and helps them score average grades. The article on Industrial Psychology Notes presents the latest and up-to-date syllabus of all the important topics enlisted here.

Industrial Psychology Notes give students a head start or major advantage as they will acquire the up-to-date and latest syllabus, significant subject-recommended reference books, and Important Questions list for Industrial Psychology Notes over regular notes.

Students can access and download the accredited Industrial Psychology Notes Pdf and other Reference Books from this article and better their preparation strategy or approach and achieve better grades.

Introduction to Industrial Psychology

Industrial/organizational psychology levy 5th edition pdf free: Industrial psychology is a branch or unit of Psychology that deals with the important topics related to applied organisational psychology, where students study, analyse, and understand all the aspects of human behaviour in the work area. Industrial Psychology mainly deals with how business works and how employees function. Industrial psychology is a branch that uses a broad spectrum of scientific methods or approaches, including both quantitative and qualitative research. Industrial psychology is a section of psychology that is often applied when a company is going through a transition phase.

Industrial Psychology mainly focuses on Leadership, and there are three main objectives or goals that one should deal with-

  • Follower-focused: This Industrial Psychology approach that is entirely based on the belief leaders and the points they need to know how to enthuse and motivate employees.
  • Contingency-focused: This Industrial Psychology Approach deals with the belief that effective leaders handle certain and equip qualities to assess a situation and adapt behaviour accordingly.
  • Leader-focused: This objective of Industrial Psychology Approach deals with the belief that is entirely based on the qualities effective leaders should possess which others lack.

B.Tech Industrial Psychology Notes and Study Material PDF Free Download

Students pursuing Psychology or MBA or B.Com can access and avail the most credible sources of pdf notes on Industrial Psychology briefed in this article. Students can better your preparation or revision process with the ultimate preparation tools and score better-improved marks.

Students can download the pdf notes for free and use them as an important reference source whenever during the preparation or revision process. The frequent utilisation of the Industrial Psychology Notes Pdf as important reference material will help candidates get a better grasp of the important concepts and change their score game.

Here, are a list of a few important Industrial Psychology Notes for a thorough preparation of the course programme-

  • Industrial Psychology Semester Notes for MBA PDFs
  • Introduction to Industrial Psychology Notes PDF
  • Industrial Psychology Notes PDF
  • Part-I Industrial Psychology Notes PDF
  • Industrial Psychology Handwritten Notes PDFs
  • Industrial Psychology Third semester Notes for M.Sc Psychology PDFs
  • Industrial Psychology Programme Question Paper PDFs
  • Industrial Psychology PPT Notes PDF
  • Industrial Psychology Fourth semester Notes for B.Com PDF

Industrial Psychology Reference Books

Textbooks and Reference books are a rich source of well-researched information that acts as a guideline for students to prepare better and achieve better grades. Candidates should consult the textbooks or reference books that present excellent conceptual background. The article on Industrial Psychology Notes presents students the best and significant textbooks as per the subject experts’ recommendations.

Students can refer and read through the Industrial Psychology Textbooks and other Study Sources that provide better preparations.

The list of best and significantly recommended books for industrial Psychology preparation are as follows, and candidates can select the Textbook or Reference books that meet their knowledge and prepare accordingly.

  • Understanding Organizational Behavior by Udai Pareek
  • Handbook of industrial-organisational psychology by Dunnette M. D. and Hough L
  • ORGB: An innovative approach to learning and teaching Organisational Behaviour by Nelson, Quick, and Khandelwal
  • The Fifth Edition of Introduction to industrial-organisational psychology by Riggio R. E
    Organisational Behavior by Luthans and Fred
  • The Sixth Edition of Introduction to Industrial and Organizational Psychology by Ronald E. Riggio
  • Organisational Behavior by Robbins and Stephen by Roethlisberger F. J. and Dickson
  • APA Handbook of industrial-organisational psychology by Zedeck S.
  • Book on Applying psychology in business: Handbook for managers and HR professionals by Jones J.W., Steffy B. D., and Bray D.W.
  • The Seventh Edition of Industrial Psychology by Aamodt
  • The Fifth Edition of Industrial or Organisational Psychology: Understanding the Workplace by Paul E. Levy
  • The Fifth Edition of Work in the 21st Century: An Introduction to Industrial and Organizational Psychology by Frank J. Landy and Jeffrey M
  • Psychology and Work: Perspectives on Industrial and Organisational Psychology by Donald M. Truxillo, Talya N. Bauer, and Berrin Erdogan
  • The Eleventh Edition of Psychology Applied to Work by Paul M. Muchinsky and Satoris S. Culbertson
  • Book on Industrial Psychology: It’s Theoretical And Social Foundations by Blum M.L.

B.Com Industrial Psychology Updated Syllabus

Industrial Psychology Updated Syllabus are effective course planning tools that guide students through their preparation process. The best way to enhance and better preparation effectively is having a clear outline of the Industrial Psychology Syllabus. This article presents a detailed view of the Industrial Psychology course syllabus, taking into consideration every student’s requirements and needs.

Industrial Psychology Course Curriculum presents students with a comprehensive idea of what to study, how to study, and how to decode every important concept. The article on Industrial Psychology Notes presents the unit-wise division of the important topics under each unit carefully for students to allow enough time to each topic and prepare accordingly.

Students should cover all the topics enlisted in the syllabus before attempting the Industrial Psychology exam so that the paper is easy during the exam. Students must also remain aware of the Industrial Psychology Syllabus to prevent squandering unnecessary time on redundant topics.

The updated unit-wise division of the Industrial Psychology Syllabus is as follows-

Unit Topics
UNIT-I

Introduction

  • Nature and Meaning of Industrial Psychology
  • Role of Industrial
  • Psychology
  • Organisational Attitude
UNIT-II

Motivation at Work

  • Motivation and work behaviour
  • Theory X and Y
  • McClelland’s Theory
  • Need Theory
  • Herzberg’s Two Factor
  • Theory
  • Cultural Differences in Motivation
UNIT-III

Work Teams and Group

  • Groups and work teams
  • Group Behavior 
  • Group formation and development
UNIT-IV

Decision Making by Individuals and Groups

  • Decision-making process
  • Individual influences
  • Group decision process
UNIT-V

Organisational Design and Structure

  • The key organisational design process, 
  • Structural differentiation
  • Forces reshaping organisations
UNIT-VI

Leadership

  • Leadership versus Management, 
  • Leadership Theories
  • Emerging issues in LeadershipLeadership
UNIT-VII

Organisational Culture

  • Functions of organisational culture, 
  • Organisational Socialisation, 
  • Assessing Cultural Values and Fit
  • Cross-Cultural issues
UNIT-VIII

Managing Culture

  • Forces for Change in Organisation 
  • Resistance to change
  • Lewin’s Change Model
UNIT-IX

Personality and Organisation

  • Meaning, Application of Personality theory in an organisation
  • Traits
  • Common personality measurement tools
UNIT-X

Emerging Trends

  • Complexity
  • Challenges
  • Choices in the future

List of Industrial Psychology Important Questions

Candidates pursuing Honours or Triple Majors in Psychology or MBA or B.Com can read through the list of questions enlisted below for the Industrial Psychology course programme. All the review questions enumerated below aim to enhance candidates’ approach and excel in the examination through regular practice.

  1. Briefly discuss the motion study and contribution of time in the industry.
  2. State the difference between off-the-job and on-the-job training in terms of its impact.
  3. Define Industrial Psychology and state its significance.
  4. Elucidate scope and the role of Industrial Psychology.
  5. Enlist the principles of Scientific Management and its role in the industry.
  6. Write short notes on THERBLIG with suitable examples.
  7. Enumerate the features and responsibilities of a good leader.
  8. State the application of the Hawthorne Experiment in the industry.
  9. Differentiate between Transformational Leadership and Transactional Leadership, highlighting the pros and cons.
  10. Write short notes on Taylorism.

FAQs on Industrial Psychology Notes

Question 1.
State the benefits of Industrial Psychology.

Answer:
A few benefits of Industrial Psychology are efficient personnel selection along with work-life balance. It provides an improved recruitment strategy and methods and results in increased employee productivity. Industrial Psychology offered a better work environment and increased and higher job satisfaction levels.

Question 2.
Why are reference books an important preparation source?

Answer:
Textbooks and Reference books are a vital and rich source of well-researched information that acts as a guideline for students to prepare better and achieve better grades. Textbooks or reference books present excellent conceptual background and students should select the best and significant textbooks as per the subject experts’ recommendations. Students should refer and read through the Industrial Psychology Textbooks and other Study Sources that provide better preparations.

Question 3.
What are the topics learnt under the Leadership unit of Industrial Psychology syllabus?

Answer:
Topics learnt under the Industrial Psychology syllabus are- Leadership versus Management, Leadership Theories, and Emerging Issues in Leadership.

Question 4.
Name a few Industrial Psychology Reference books.

Answer:

  • Understanding Organizational Behavior by Udai Pareek
  • Handbook of industrial-organisational psychology by Dunnette M. D. and Hough L
  • ORGB: An innovative approach to learning and teaching Organisational Behaviour by Nelson, Quick, and Khandelwal
  • The Fifth Edition of Introduction to industrial-organisational psychology by Riggio R. E

Conclusion

The article on Industrial Psychology Notes platforms students to get access to the most accurate and genuine sources of reference that enables better and enhanced preparation or revision practice of all the important concepts.

The article lists all the useful and credible sources of reference like – the pdf notes, credible study materials, important books, and important practice questions on Industrial Psychology to amplify students’ comprehension and understanding of the subject during the examination or test. The article on Industrial Psychology Notes gives students access to the latest and updated note pdfs, and other references study materials like textbooks, reference books, latest and comprehensive syllabus, and important review questions for free.

Introducing communication theory: analysis and application pdf – Communication Theory Notes and Study Material PDF Free Download

communication-theory-notes

Communication Theory Notes: Communication is the essence of life. It is the process by which we share information. The technical study of the process of information is called Information theory. Primarily it is a field of information theory and mathematics. It also studies different forms of communication, like interpersonal and intrapersonal communication. It is also used in the studies of psychology, sociology and anthropology.

When we study communication theory, the most important aspect is how communication takes place. The three most common models of communication are the Linear Model, Interactional model and Transactional model. There are certain basic elements of communication that we study about when we study communication theory. It talks about how information from the source which contains the message reaches the receiver. Students can refer to the Big Data Lecture Notes For CSE as per the latest and updated syllabus from this article.

You can find your free notes pdf here. These notes are reliable and accurate. Plus these are regularly updated to incorporate any changes in the course module which makes them the most up-to-date available online. For further details click on any of the links below.

Communication Theory Notes PDF Download

A first look at communication theory pdf free download: Communication theory notes pdf available for download is one of the most sought after study material online. This pdf is reliable and accurate as experts verify them. Also, this pdf is recommended by teachers and students alike. Students in the 4th semester can use this pdf in their preparations for their exams. Communication theory revolves around some basic concepts and to have sound knowledge of these concepts you can consult the free pdf available. The language used in the pdf is simple to understand so that students can learn the topic well.

This pdf is available for download free of cost. You can download it using the links given below and start your preparations. It also contains links to additional study material. Students can use these to their advantage in their preparations for their final exams and perform better.

  • Communication theory Notes Pdf download.
  • Communication theory handwritten notes
  • Communication theory 4th-semester pdf
  • Notes for communication theory free pdf
  • Sample questions Communication theory
  • Previous years question papers Communication theory pdf.

Reference books for Communication Theory

Introducing communication theory analysis and application pdf free: Finding the right book in this information-rich age can be a daunting task. There are many free e-books available online you can use for your preparations. Many more are available in the market for your reading. Whenever you need a good and accurate reference book, always go for writers that are recommended by your teachers and your seniors. Also, look if the latest edition of the book is available, which suggests that the book is being updated from time to time to include all the improvements and changes in the syllabus if any.

Given below is a list of suggested reading verified by experts in the field. These are the most recommended books by teachers and students. The list is in no particular order, and you can consult any of these during your preparations. It is advisable to look for newer editions of these books if available.

  • Communication theory, David Holmes(2005)
  • J.G.Proakis, M.Salehi, “Fundamentals of Communication Systems”, Pearson Education 2006.
  • Encyclopedia of Communication Theory, Karen A. Foss (2009)
  • Communication Theory, J.S. Chitode (2007)
  • Communication theory and research (2005)
  • Understanding Communication theory: A beginner’s guide, Stephen Micahel Croucher(2015)
  • Introducing communication theory: Analysis and application
  • An introduction to analog and digital communication, 2nd edition
  • Mass Communication theory: Foundations, ferment and future, by Stanley J. Baran & Dennis K. Davis, 6th edition (2011)
  • S. Haykin, “Digital Communications”, John Wiley, 2005.
  • A first look at communication theory, Griffin Em(1991)

Communication Theory Syllabus

Introducing communication theory: analysis and application pdf: Communication theory is an important paper in the 4th semester. Students need to be aware of the syllabus so that they can plan their preparations for the exams. This paper tests both the theoretical and practical knowledge of the students and the syllabus is split up into different modules. Each unit is important from an exam point of view, and students should give equal weightage to every unit and chapter because everything here is interlinked.

The entire communication theory syllabus is divided into five units to introduce students with the basics of communication theory, understand the basic concepts of modulation, to study noise and its effect on communication systems. The course contents are:

Unit 1: AMPLITUDE MODULATION Amplitude Modulation- DSB SC, DSBFC, SSB, VSB – Modulation index, Spectra, Power relations and Bandwidth – AM Generation – Square law and Switching modulator, DSB SC Generation –Balanced and Ring Modulator, SSB Generation – Filter, Phase Shift and Third Methods, VSB Generation – Filter Method, Hilbert Transform, Pre-envelope & complex envelope –comparison of different AM techniques, Superheterodyne Receiver.
Unit 2: ANGLE MODULATION Phase and frequency modulation-Narrow Band and Wind band FM – Spectrum – FM modulation and demodulation – FM Discriminator- PLL as FM Demodulator – Transmission bandwidth.
Unit 3: RANDOM PROCESSES Random variables, Central Limit Theorem, Random Process, Stationary Processes, Mean, Correlation & Covariance functions, Power Spectral Density, Ergodic Processes, Gaussian Process, Transmission of a Random Process Through an LTI filter.
Unit 4: NOISE CHARACTERIZATION Noise sources and types – Noise figure and noise temperature – Noise in cascaded systems. Narrowband noise – PSD of in-phase and quadrature noise –Noise performance in AM systems – Noise performance in FM systems – Pre-emphasis and de-emphasis – Capture effect, threshold effect.
Unit 5: SAMPLING AND QUANTIZATION Entropy – Discrete Memoryless channels – Channel Capacity -Hartley – Shannon law – Source coding theorem – Huffman & Shannon.

Theoretical problems for Communication Theory

Communication Here is a list of common questions related to Communication theory. These are all very fundamental questions to lay the foundation of what’s to be expected from the course. Students are advised to go through these questions if you are preparing for your exams or thinking to sit for a job interview as these are some commonly asked interview questions as well.

  1. Mention the advantages of modulating low-frequency signal to a high-frequency signal.
  2. List the type of AM modulators.
  3. Why do you need modulation in communication systems?
  4. Explain amplitude modulation.
  5. What is frequency modulation?
  6. What do you understand by phase modulation?
  7. What are the different types of communication?
  8. Explain different models of communication.
  9. Differentiate between amplitude modulation and frequency modulation.
  10. What is the base station?
  11. What do you understand by attenuation?
  12. Explain full-duplex and half-duplex.
  13. What are the advantages of negative feedback over positive feedback?
  14. What is an Amplifier?
  15. Explain the working of an oscillator.
  16. What is a rectifier?
  17. How many satellites can cover the entire earth?

Frequently Asked Questions on Communication Theory Notes

Question 1.
Explain feedback. What are the different types of feedback?

Answer: 
The process by which a certain proportion of the output signal is fed back into the input of the system. It is used in preserving and controlling the dynamic behaviour of the signal. During communication, when we send messages, we observe feedback. This feedback received is not in terms of the message from the receiver but rather a mathematical notation.

Negative feedback: Negative feedback takes the system towards an equilibrium state. The signal fed is out of phase ( by 180°) to the input signal or is of opposite polarity. Negative feedback is used in amplifiers. It attenuates the fluctuations, and that is why it finds application in sound systems.

Positive feedback: Positive feedback takes the system away from the equilibrium state. The signal fed back into the system is in the phase of the input signal or of the same polarity. Positive feedback is used in oscillators.

Question 2.
Differentiate between Analog and Digital Communication.

Answer:
There are two types of communication. These are:

Analog Communication: The data is transmitted with the help of an analog signal. It is converted into electric signals and then transmitted over the distance. It uses a continuous signal which varies in amplitude, phase or frequency.

Digital communication: The data is transmitted with the help of digital signals which consists of discrete values rather than continuous signals. It can be broken down into smaller pieces as discrete messages.

Analog Communication Digital Communication
It is a continuous signal where amplitude, phase or frequency change with time. It is made up of discrete values, i.e. 1 and 0
Affected by noise during transmission  Not much affected by noise during transmission.
The number of channels that can be broadcasted is limited. The number of channels that can be broadcasted is unlimited.
It requires low bandwidth. It requires high bandwidth.
It is more complex and less flexible. It is comparatively, simpler and flexible.
System cost is low System cost is high
Data transmitted is less accurate. Accurate data transmission

Question 3.
Explain Amplitude modulation.

Answer: 
This process is defined as amplitude modulation. It is defined as the process of increasing the strength (amplitude) of the signal with the help of a carrier wave with the same frequency and different amplitude in accordance with the audio signal. This modulated signal is demodulated at the receiver’s end using a demodulator which gives back the original signal wave without any decrease or interference in the signal.

The need for modulation arises due to

  • A higher range of transmission
  • Improving the quality of transmission over longer distances
  • To avoid interference of audio signals.

The mathematical representation of the amplitude-modulated wave is:
s(t)=[Ac+Amcos(2fmt)]cos(2fct)

Where,
s(t)= amplitude modulated wave
Am= amplitude of the modulating signal
fm=frequency of the modulating signal
Ac= amplitude of the carrier wave
fc= frequency of the carrier signal

Question 4. 
Explain different models of communication.

Answer: 
Communication is the process of sending, receiving and interpreting messages. The three most common models of communication are as follows:

The linear model of communication – It is the most simple form of communication where the sender sends the message to the receiver using a simple transmitter. It was commonly used during earlier times, but its use was very limited because communication is not linear.

Interactional model – It is a mode of communication which allows back and forth transmission of messages. It resembles communication more because it includes feedback. Here the sender sends the message and receives the feedback.

Transactional model – It is the most commonly used mode of communication. It depicts communication in the modern age. It has no sender or receiver, but rather people involved are referred to as communicators.

Conclusion

Communication theory revolves around some basic concepts. If these concepts are clear students will find this subject interesting as well as scoring. Students are advised to go through the communication theory notes pdf to get reliable and accurate information about topics,c concepts and applications. The pdf is really helpful for 4th-semester students in their preparations for their semester end exam. You can download the free download here and start your preparations.

Hadoop training material pdf – Big Data Notes and and Study Material PDF Download

big-data-lecture-notes

Big Data Lecture Notes: Planning to become a Big Data professional. You can avail the best books, which include a comprehensive study plan, all-important information and timetable along with Big Data Lecture Notes. Here, you can get the Pdf Download links along with more details that are required for your effective exam preparation. Students will get information about the latest syllabus, reference books and important questions list for Big Data Lecture Notes.

The Big Data Lecture Notes and Study Materials are the essential study resources, and the reference materials nurture and develop better preparation and assist students in obtaining good grades. Students can refer to the Big Data Lecture Notes as per the latest updated syllabus from this article.

Graduates can avail of the Big Data Lecture Notes PDFs and Reference Books from this article and exceed their preparation with the best study resources and obtain better scores.

Introduction to Big Data Lecture Notes

Hadoop training material pdf: Big data is a field that undertakes measures to analyze or contrarily deal with data sets that are too comprehensive or complicated to be bartered with by conventional data-processing application software.Data with many rows suggest greater analytical power, while data with higher complexity may guide to a higher false discovery scale.. Big data challenges consist of capturing data, search, sharing, transfer, data storage, data analysis, updating, information privacy, visualization, querying and data source. Big Data often involves data with sizes that surpass the capacity of traditional software to process within adequate value and time.

Big Data Lecture Notes PDF and Study Material Free Download

Big data study material pdf: Candidates pursuing Big Data Courses can avail from the Big Data Lecture Notes and Study Materials updated in this article. Students can increase their preparation with the ideal implementation that helps them secure good grades.

Students can download the notes and study materials and use them as a reference during the revision or preparation process. Application of the Big Data Lecture Notes and Study Materials sources of reference will help graduates get a better idea of the concepts and topics and elevate their grade sheet.

The students can refer and use the Big Data Lecture Notes PDF and Study Materials as a reference. Students pursuing Big Data Courses can download PDF notes.

Big Data Lecture Notes Reference Books

Reference books for Big Data are an essential source of information. It provides necessary information about the topics with essential explanations. Students can develop a solid base when they refer to books that subject experts’ recommend.

Candidates would understand the topics more precisely if they consult the latest version that includes the updated syllabus. Here is a list of the best-recommended books for Big Data Notes.

  • “Big Analytics, Big Data, : Analytic Trends for Today’s Businesses and Emerging Business Intelligence”, Michelle Chambers, Michael Minelli and Ambiga Dhiraj, Wiley, 2013.
  • Tom Whites, 3rd Edition, O’Reilly – Hadoop: The Definitive Guide.
  • Hadoop Practice by Alex Holmes Manning publ.
  • Chuck Lam – Hadoop in Action, MANNING Publication.
  • Golfarelli and Rizzi – Modern Principles and Methodologies: Data Warehouse Design , McGraw-Hill, 2009
  • Eric Sammer, “Hadoop Operations”, O’Reilley, 2012
  • E. Capriolo, D. Wampler, and J. Rutherglen, “Programming Hive”, O’Reilley, 2012
  • “HBase: The Definitive Guide” Lars George, O’Reilley, 2011.
  • Reilley and  Eben Hewitt-“The Definitive Guide : Cassandra” 2010.
  • “Programming Pig”, Alan Gates, O’Reilley, 2011.

Big Data Lecture Notes Syllabus

The best way to commence your preparation for the Big Data Courses is to understand the syllabus and the topics of the subject. Keeping in mind every student’s requirements, we have presented a comprehensive view of the Big Data Syllabus.

The Syllabus of Big Data courses aims to present the students with a brief idea of what to study, the unit-wise breakup of the topics and how to allot time to each subject.

Students must ensure to cover all the topics and concepts before attempting the exams to ensure that the paper is easy and stress-free at the time of the exam. Graduates must make sure that they are aware of the course Syllabus to prevent unnecessary waste of time on unwanted topics.

Here is an updated list of topics of the Big Data Lecture Notes Syllabus-

UNIT I

UNDERSTANDING BIG DATA

What is big data – why big data – convergence of key trends – unstructured data – industry examples of big data – big data and algorithmic trading – big data and healthcare – big data in medicine – advertising and big data – big data technologies – web analytics – big data and marketing -open source technologies – cloud and big data – fraud and big data risk and big data – credit risk management –  introduction to Hadoop – mobile business intelligence – Crowd sourcing analytics inter and trans firewall analytics lecture Notes
UNIT II
NOSQL DATA MANAGEMENT
NSQL Introduction – aggregate data models – key-value and

document data models – master-slave replication – peer peer replication – relationships – graph databases – schemaless databases – materialized views – distribution models consistency – consistency relaxing – version stamps – map-reduce partitioning and combining – composing map-reduce calculations- – sharding – sharding and lication

UNIT III

BASICS OF HADOOP

Data format – analyzing data with Hadoop – scaling out – data integrity – compression – serialization – Avro – file-based data structures- Hadoop streaming – Hadoop pipes – design of Hadoop distributed file system (HDFS) – HDFS concepts – Java interface – data flow – Hadoop 1/0
UNIT IV

MAPREDUCE APPLICATIONS

MapReduce workflows -reduce and YARN – unit tests with MRUnit – test data and local tests – anatomy of MapReduce job run – classic Map-reduce – YARN – failures in classic Map- job scheduling – shuffle and sort – task execution – MapReduce types – input
UNIT V

HADOOP RELATED TOOLS

HiveQL data definition HiveQL data manipulation – Cassandra data model – cassandra examples – cassandra clients – Hadoop integration Pig – Grunt – pig data model -Hbase – data model and implementations – Hbase clients – Hbase examples praxis.Cassandra -Pig Latin – developing and testing Pig Latin scripts. Hive – data types and file formats – HiveQL queries

Big Data Lecture Notes List of Important Questions

Candidates pursuing Big Data Courses can refer to the list of all the essential questions stated below for the Big Data Lecture Notes. All the assigned questions are aimed to help the aspirants to excel in the examination. Here is a list of some essential questions that will help the students to have a better understanding of the subject.

  1. How is Big Data related to Hadoop?
  2. Define YARN and HDFS, and talk about their respective elements.
  3. What is commodity hardware?
  4. Describe the term FSCK briefly.
  5. What is the aim of the JPS command in Hadoop?
  6. Define the different commands for starting up and shutting down Hadoop Daemons.
  7. Name some of the data management tools used with Edge Nodes in Hadoop?
  8. How does Big Data add content to businesses?
  9. Elaborate on the methods that overwrite the replication in HDFS.
  10. Define the three forms in which you can run Hadoop.
  11. Define Rack Awareness in Hadoop.
  12. Name the framework configuration parameters of MapReduce.
  13. Describe the purpose of a JobTracker.
  14. How can you manage abstaining values in Big Data?

Frequently Asked Questions on Big Data Notes

Question 1 :
What are the five V’s in Big Data?

Answer :
The five V’s in Big Data are volume, variety, velocity, veracity and value.

Question 2 :
What are the elements of Big Data?

Answer :
The main elements of Big data are

  • Machine Learning
  • Natural Language Processing
  • Business Intelligence
  • Cloud Computing

Question 3.
How is big data created?

Answer :
The amount of big data generated originates from three primary sources: machine data, social data and transactional data.

Question 4.
What is Data Ingestion in Big Data?

Answer :
In Data Ingestion, we gather data from varied sources, be it business documents, social media platforms, log files, or anything relevant to the business. Data can either be extorted by real-time streaming or in batch jobs.

Conclusion

The Big Data Lecture Notes and Study Materials written above are aimed to assist the students at the time of exam preparations. They are reliable and have authoritative references focused on helping students and improving their knowledge and understanding of the subject during the time of preparation of the exam. Students can refer and practice from the provided notes for Big Data curriculum and essential questions from this article.

Engineering Thermodynamics Lecture Notes | Syllabus, Reference Books and Important Questions

Engineering Thermodynamics Lecture Notes

Engineering Thermodynamics Lecture Notes: Engineering thermodynamics has been an indispensable part of the engineering curriculum for a long time. One needs to have a clear concept and a deep understanding of the subject to perform better, apart from the necessary inclusion of thermodynamics in most of the graduate syllabus. Understanding engineering thermodynamics is also an essential part of many post-graduate and research syllabus. Hence, a student must be able to grasp the concept. Students can refer to the Big Data Lecture Notes For CSE as per the latest and updated syllabus from this article.

There are many books, online courses, and pdfs available online to help a student with a better understanding of physics. This site will give them an idea about the topics and patterns of courses to be followed to perform and understand better. Also, there will be an introduction and FAQs and suggestions to make sure you have a hassle-free experience understanding thermodynamics. And This article has been divided into a few parts to help you plan better.

Introduction to Engineering Thermodynamics

Thermodynamics lecture notes mechanical engineering: In general, Thermodynamics is that part of physics that generally deals with work, heat and temperature and also about how it work by concerning the energy, radiation, and other material properties. Thermo stands for heat, and dynamics stand for the changing nature of the world, physically or chemically.

In layman terms, thermodynamics can be explained as the understanding of how heat exchange works between different materials in nature. The two other materials involved in the heat exchange can be in the state of solid, liquid, air, or otherwise. And knowing the universe as we know it, exchanging energy in forms of heat and otherwise is always happening. Thermodynamics applies to a lot of fields, not only practically but also theoretically.

The laws and working of thermodynamics govern a big part of our daily life. It is nearly impossible to research anything without involving thermodynamics. When it comes to engineering thermodynamics, the topics are taught, keeping under consideration the requirements of that particular engineering subject.

Hence, different types of thermodynamics are introduced in other streams of engineering. The two basic types that we find mostly in all subjects are applied thermodynamics and introductory thermodynamics. The primary branches of engineering that need thermodynamics to be involved are mechanical, chemical, civil, and electrical.

In modern science, Thermodynamics has been a matter of interest and research since the earliest ages of science development. And most of the mathematical formulae we use, theories we apply, or equations we trust were derived from thermodynamics as a base.

Books to refer to for thermodynamics

Different books are suggested for an extra level of study. For graduation, post-graduation, or research purposes, other books are recommended to suffice the different syllabus. However, a few of the books that have been around for  a while:

  1. Time’s Arrow – Origin of thermodynamic behavior by Michael c. Mackey
  2. Thermodynamics by Enrico Fermi
  3. Statistical Physics by Chris Ferrie
  4. Non –equilibrium Statistical mechanics by Ilya Prigogine
  5. General Chemistry by  Linus Pauling
  6. Physical chemistry – thermodynamics, statistical thermodynamics and kinetics by Thomas Engel and Philip Reid
  7. Heat and mass transfer by P. K. Nag.
  8. Engineering thermodynamics by P.K. Nag.
  9. Understanding thermodynamics by H. C. Van Ness
  10. Fundamental of thermodynamics by Claus Borg

Course Syllabus

MODULE LESSON
Basic concepts of Thermodynamics 1- Thermodynamic System and its Properties.

2- Thermodynamics Cycle and Energy of Thermodynamic System.

Ideal Gases 3- Laws of Ideal Gases: Compression and Expansion of Gases.
The first law of thermodynamics 4- First Law of Thermodynamics and Non-Flow Process.

5- Non-Flow and Flow Processes.

6- Numerical Problems.

The second law of thermodynamics 7- Second Law of Thermodynamics, Entropy, Carnot Cycle.

8- Entropy and Availability.

9- General Expression for change in Entropy Numerical Problems.

Air Cycles 10- Otto Cycle and Diesel Cycle.

11- Dual Combustion Cycle, Numerical Problems.

I.C. engine 12- Classifications and Working of the I.C. engine.

13- Comparison of S.I. and C.I. engine.

14- Parts of I.C. Engine.

15- Fuel Supply Systems of I.C. Engine.

16- Two-Stroke Cycle Engine.

Performance of I.C. engine 17- Performance Parameters of the I.C. engine.

18- Numerical Problems.

Fuels 19- Classification and Combustion Chemistry of Fuels.

20- Numerical Problems.

21- Determination of Calorific Value, Oil Burners.

Steam and its properties 22- Formation of Steam and its Properties.

23- Use of Steam Tables and Mollier Chart, Numerical Problems.

Steam Generators 24- Classification and performance parameters of Boilers/Steam Generators.

25- Boiler Mountings and Accessories.

26- Indian Boiler Regulation Act.

The layout of the Steam pipeline 27- Steam pipeline, Fittings, Joints, Material, and Insulation.
Boiler draught 28- Production of Draught and its Losses.

29- Natural Draught.

30- Power Requirement of Mechanical Draught, Numerical problems.

Air Compressor 31- Air compressors.

32- Air Compressor’s Work, Numerical Problems.

Some Important Questions

  1. State Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics?
  2. How will you Classify Thermodynamics System?
  3. What are the influences of Heat Losses or Gains on the Surface of the Conducting Body?
  4. Explain the Stages of Combustion in S.I. Engines?
  5. What are the Drawbacks (Disadvantages) of the Conventional Ignition System?
  6. What is meant by a closed system? Give an example.
  7. Define specific heat capacity at constant pressure.
  8. Define specific heat capacity at constant volume.
  9. Define intensive and extensive properties.
  10. What do you understand by the equilibrium of a system?
  11. What is meant by thermodynamics equilibrium?

FAQ’s on Engineering Thermodynamics Lecture Notes

Question 1.
How is the study of thermodynamics critical?

Answer:
Thermodynamics is based on everything around us, be it a physical or chemical process, be it a natural or an artificial process. No process in this universe happens without involving thermodynamics. Hence, the study of thermodynamics helps a great deal in understanding the exchange of material in the universe.

Question 2. 
Does thermodynamics study have any physical application?

Answer:
Yes, thermodynamics undoubtedly have physical applications. Since everything around us works based on energy exchange, and thermodynamics is all about energy exchange, it plays a significant role in determining the balance and the working of the universe. The three laws of thermodynamics govern most things happening around us.

Question 3.
What is the scope of studying thermodynamics?

Answer:
Studying thermodynamics has enough scopes because every day, more and more discoveries are coming up, and thermodynamics play a significant role in those discoveries. Hence, being able to contribute to this field dictates an outstanding career.

Question 4.
What are a few of the best books to refer to for a better understanding of thermodynamics?

Answer:
Different levels of studies of thermodynamics require an extra level of understanding of the same thing. Hence, there are other books to guide at a different level. However, if we talk about the bais thermodynamics application part, few good books are Applied thermodynamics by T. D. Eastop and A. McConkey, engineering thermodynamics by McGraw Hill and The Laws of thermodynamics by Peter Atkins.

Question 5.
Is there any stream that is solely responsible for teaching thermodynamics?

Answer:
There is no stream by the name of thermodynamics. But there is no field of study that does not include thermodynamics. As we go on for higher studies, the involvement of thermodynamics goes or increases. However, on the research level, it is possible to devote a lot of time to the field of interest. That time working with a project that is based on the thermodynamics laws is possible. It will be helpful in both gaining physical and theoretical knowledge at the same time.

Question 6.
What are a few applications in real life that we witness daily that connect to thermodynamics?

Answer:
It is a never-ending list, honestly. Everything is governed by thermodynamics laws, from candle lighting and melting to the cooking of food to adsorption and absorption.

Conclusion

With the changing environment and dynamics of the world, there is something new coming up every day. There is no better way to stay updated with those changes apart from learning and knowing thermodynamics. And engineering thermodynamics tops the list when it comes to learning about thermodynamics. This site will help make sure you don’t miss any vital topic when understanding engineering thermodynamics.  You can refer to the materials available and choose the ones that seem useful to you.

Notes of electrical engineering – Basic Electrical Engineering Notes and Study Material PDF Free Download

basic-electrical-engineering-notes

Basic Electrical Engineering Notes: Students looking to find study material and notes on Basic Electrical Engineering can find them in this article. This article aims to provide students with the right information for them to prepare better for any exam.

Here in Basic Electrical Engineering notes, aspiring students can find all the necessary material to study, which is updated according to experts advice. The Lecture Notes provide an in-depth look into the subject, which can help students to revise better and prepare more accurately for their exams. The article looks to provide students with up to date pieces of information on Basic Electrical Engineering to avoid any unrelated topics.

Basic Electrical Engineering notes has recommended reference books, updates curriculum and a list of essential questions to better equip students in the subject and to aid in their preparation for any exam in the subject so they can score the best grades.

Introduction to Basic Electrical Engineering Notes

Electrical engineering basics pdf: Basic Electrical Engineering is a type of engineering discipline which consists of design, study and application of systems, equipment and devices which uses electromagnetism, electricity and electronics.

.Electrical engineer became an occupation after the invention of the electrical powerline, the telegraph and the telephone. The commercialisation of these products required more engineers to work on these products. Soon this field became more diversified as new technology emerged and so there are various fields such as systems engineering, signal processing, electronics, instrumentation, computer engineering and power engineer.

Basic concepts like understanding electricity, OHMS law, series and parallel circuits, ohms law in parallel circuits, Kirchoff’s Voltage Law, power equation and the application of ohms law will all be the studied in Basic Electrical Engineering.

B.Tech Basic Electrical Engineering Notes and Study Material PDF Free Download

Electrical notes for engineers: Here aspiring students pursuing their Bachelors in technology can use Basic Electrical Engineering Notes for their study in the course. This article has all the required information to prepare for any exam in Basic Electrical Engineering. Students can find these notes online and can download them whenever they are preparing for their exam. These notes provide students with a brief overview of the subject, and students can use all the tools provided to get a more thorough preparation.

Here, are a list of a few important notes on Basic Electrical Engineering Notes-

  • Basic Electrical Engineering – notes at lecture notes.
  • Notes Basic Electrical Engineering BEE
  • Basic Electrical Engineering Notes PDF
  • Basic electrical and electronics engineering lecture notes

Basic Electrical Engineering Reference Books

Notes for electrical engineering: Books provide a better insight into the subject and how different authors perspective on concepts and how those concepts can be applied in real life. Aspiring students can find Basic Electrical Engineering books which are highly recommended by experts here in this article.

During students prepare for the exam, they can find these books highly useful as these books cover almost every concept in the subject.

The list of highly recommended books for Basic Electrical Engineering are as follows-

  • A textbook of electrical engineering volume 1
  • DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
  • A textbook of electrical technology in SI units
  • Basic electrics and electronics engineering lab by U.A.Bakshi|V.U.Bakshi
  • The electrical Engineering Handbook On CD-ROM
  • Basic Electrical Engineering” written by C L Wadhwa
  • Mehta V K and Mehta Rohit“Basic Electrical Engineering”
  • Nagrath, I and Kothari“Basic Electrical Engineering”
  • Arvind Mittle and Mittle, V “Basic Electrical Engineering”
  •  “Basic Electrical Engineering” written by P S Dogal
  • “Objective Electrical Engineering” written by P K Mishra
  • . “Abc of Electrical Engineering” written by the raja A K Theraja BLand
  • Electrical Engineering 101 by Darren Ashby
  • Power System Analysis and Design by J. Duncan Glover, Thomas Overbye, Mulukutla S. Sarma
  • Beginner’s Guide to Reading Schematics

Basic Electrical Engineering curriculum

Notes of electrical engineering: The curriculum provides students with a basic outline of all the topics in Basic Electrical Engineering. The curriculum will provide us with providing a comprehensive idea about AC and DC circuit analysis, working principles and applications of basic machines in electrical engineering.

The objective of the course is to understand AC and DC circuits, basic concepts of electromagnetism and its various circuits and to understand the working principle of AC and DC circuits.

                     Unit                         Topics
Unit 1.Elementary Concepts
  • Concept of Potential difference.
  •  Current and resistance.
  •  Ohm’s law, effect of temperature on resistance, resistance temperature coefficient, insulation resistance.
  •  SI units of work Power and Energy. Conversion of energy from one form to another in electrical and thermal systems.
Unit 2. D. C. Circuits
  • Kirchhoff’s law, ideal and practical voltage and current sources.
  •  Mesh and Nodal analysis (Super node and super Mesh excluded). Source transformation.
  •  Star delta transformation.
  •  Superposition theorem, Thevevnins’s Theorem Norton’s theorem, maximum power transfer theorem
Unit. 3. A.C. Fundamentals
  • Sinusoidal voltage and currents, their mathematical and graphical representation, concept of cycle period, frequency, instantaneous, peak, average, r.m.s.
  •  values, peak factor , and form factor, phase difference, lagging, leading and in phase quantities and phasor representation.
  •  Rectangular and polar representation of phasors
  • Study of A.C circuits of pure resistance, inductance and capacitance and corresponding voltage- current phasor diagrams, voltage – current and power waveforms.
Unit.4. Single phase and poly phase A. C. circuits
  • Single phase AC Circuits: Study of series and parallel R-L, R-C, R-L-C circuits, concept of impedance and admittance for different combinations, wave form and relevant voltage current phasor diagrams
  •  Concept of active, reactive, apparent, complex power and power factor, resonance in series and parallel RLC circuit.
  •  Q- factor and band with
  • Polyphase AC circuits: Concept of three phase supply and phase sequence.
  • Balanced and unbalanced loads voltage current and power relations in three phase balance star and delta loads and their phasor diagrams.
Unit.5. Electromagnetism
  • Magnetic effect of electrical current cross and dot convention, right hand thumb rule and cork screw rule, nature of magnetic field of long straight conductor, concepts of solenoid and torrid.
  •  Concepts of m.m.f, flux, flux density, reluctance, permeability and field strength, their units and relationship
  • . Simple series and parallel magnetic circuits. , comparison between electrical and magnetic circuits , force on current carrying conductor placed in magnetic field, Fleming’s left hand rule.
  • Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, Fleming’s right hand rule, statically and dynamically induced EMF’s self and mutual inductance coefficient of coupling, energy stored in magnetic field
  • Introduction to electrical AC DC Machines: Principles of operation and applications
Single phase transformer and electrostatics
  • Single phase transformers: Construction, principle of working, e.m.f equations, voltage and current ratios, losses, definition of regulation and efficiency, determination of these by direct loading method.
  •  Descriptive treatment of autotransformer.
  • Electrostatics: electrostatic field, electric flux density, electric field strength, absolute permittivity, relative permittivity and capacitance, composite dielectric capacitors, capacitors in series and parallel, energy stored in capacitors, charging and discharging of capacitors and concept of time constant.

List of Important Questions for Basic Electrical Engineering

  1. The following are some of the important questions on Basic Electrical Engineering.
  2. State Kirchhoff’s voltage law and Kirchhoff’s Current law?
  3. Explain the ideal voltage and current source?
  4. Discuss the applications of both series and parallel combination?
  5. Discuss resistor, capacitor, and inductor with relevant expression?
  6. Explain the equations for resistors in the equivalent delta. If the resistors Ra, Rb and Rc are connected electrically in star?
  7. State Ohm’s law?
  8. State Superposition Theorem?
  9. State Maximum power transfer theorem?
  10. Explain the equations for resistors in equivalent star. If the resistors Ra, Rb and Rc are connected electrically in the delta?
  11. Explain derivation of delta-star conversion equations?
  12. Explain about series and parallel networks of a resistor?
  13. Explain the classification of network elements?
  14. Explain Thevenin’s theorem?
  15. Derive the condition for maximum power transfer theorem?
  16. Write the differences between ideal and practical voltage sources?
  17. Write the differences between ideal and practical current sources?
  18. Write down KVL and KCL and explain?
  19. Define the form factor?

FAQs on Basic Electrical Engineering Notes

Question 1
What is Basic Electrical Engineering?

Answer:
Basic Electrical Engineering is a type of engineering discipline which consists of design, study and application of systems, equipment and devices which uses electromagnetism, electricity and electronics. Electrical engineer became an occupation after the invention of the electrical powerline, the telegraph and the telephone.

Question 2
what are the recommended books for Basic Electrical Engineering

Answer:

  • A textbook of electrical engineering volume 1
  • DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
  • A textbook of electrical technology in SI units
  • Basic electrics and electronics engineering lab by U.A.Bakshi|V.U.Bakshi
  • The electrical Engineering Handbook On CD-ROM
  • Richard C. Dori,”Sensors, Nanoscience, Biomedical Engineering, and Instruments: Sensors Nanoscience Biomedical”
  • Basic Electrical Engineering” written by C L Wadhwa

Question 3
What are some of the important questions asked for Basic Electrical Engineering?

Answer:
Some of the most frequently asked questions are as follows;

  1. Explain the equations for resistors in the equivalent delta. If the resistors Ra, Rb and Rc are connected electrically in star?
  2. State Ohm’s law?
  3. State Superposition Theorem?
  4. State Maximum power transfer theorem?
  5. Explain the equations for resistors in equivalent star. If the resistors Ra, Rb and Rc are connected electrically in the delta?
  6. Explain derivation of delta-star conversion equations?
  7. Explain about series and parallel networks of a resistor?

Conclusion

From the given study material in this article, you will find the information provided to be fact-checked and reliable for students use. Students can download these resources during the preparation time and be able to score better grades.

Electronic Devices and Circuits Lecture Notes and Study Material PDF Free Download

electronic-devices-and-circuits-lecture-notes-pdf

Electronic Devices and Circuits Lecture Notes: Are you trying to get hold of the Electronic Devices And Circuits Lecture Notes Pdf? You can avail the best and accurate source of information and references and enhance your preparation process of essential concepts from this article.

The article on Electronic Devices And Circuits Lecture Notes Pdf is the principal study material, and all the pdfs notes aim to enhance and better student’s preparation and help them score better grades. The article on Electronic Devices And Circuits Lecture Notes Pdf enlist reference sources as per the latest and updated curriculum.

The Electronic Devices and Circuits Lecture Notes Pdf offer students a head start of all the latest and updated Syllabus, subject expert-recommended Reference Books, and list of all the Important Questions List over regular notes. Students can refer to the Big Data Lecture Notes For CSE as per the latest and updated syllabus from this article.

Students can access and download the Electronic Devices And Circuits Lecture Notes Pdf and other sources of Reference for free from this article and improvise the preparation methods and approaches with the credible and updated resources and achieve better grades.

Introduction to Electronic Devices and Circuits

Electronic devices and circuits pdf free download: Electronic Devices And Circuits is a branch of engineering that provides a conceptual framework that helps us to comprehend the basics and working module of electronics. The Electronic Devices And Circuits chapter enlist the operational working of an amplifier, the feedback system, the principle and working module of an oscillator, and other relevant topics.

The Electronic Devices and Circuits course programme provides an overview of electronic systems backed up by technologies such as as- ICs, OP-AMP, Diodes, and Transistor. The chapter familiarises the principle of operation, design, and analysis of FET and BJT transistors, Amplifier Circuits, and Design functions of a Diode. You will understand the role of Diode as a rectifier and the basic principles of Filter Circuits and their types.

The study of Electronic Devices and Circuits helps you comprehend and understand the behaviour of passive elements in both time and frequency domains, and in general, the basic circuit analysis.

B.Tech/ B.E Electronic Devices and Circuits Lecture Notes Pdf Free Download

Electronic devices & circuits pdf: Graduates pursuing Bachelors in Technology (B.Tech) or Bachelor’s in Engineering (B.E) can access the Electronic Devices, and Circuits Lecture Notes Pdf briefed in this article. These notes aid better preparation and act as the ultimate preparation tools to improve and better your scores.

Graduates can download the Electronic Devices And Circuits Lecture Notes Pdf and other Reference sources for free and refer to them whenever during the preparation or revision process. The continuous utilisation and practice of the Electronic Devices And Circuits Lecture Notes Pdf and other study materials as a source of reference will help candidates get a better overview of the important topics and concepts and change their score chart.

Here, are a list of a few important Electronic Devices And Circuits Lecture Notes Pdf for a thorough preparation of the examination-

  1. Electronic Devices and Circuits Lecture Notes for Third Semester Notes for B.Tech PDF
  2. Electronic Devices and Circuits Lecture Notes PDF
  3. Electronic Devices and Circuits Lecture Handwritten Notes PDF
  4. Unit-wise breakdown of Electronic Devices And Circuits Lecture Notes PDF
  5. Electronic Devices and Circuits Past Years’ Question Paper Pdfs
  6. Electronic Devices and Circuits Lecture Notes for B.Tech First Semester Pdf
  7. Electronic Devices and Circuits Lecture Notes for EC Pdfs

Electronic Devices and Circuits Reference Books

Textbooks and reference books provide a rich source of information and well-researched data. Candidates should consult books that adhere to and offer them exceptional conceptual background knowledge. The article on Electronic Devices And Circuits Lecture Notes Pdf provide students with the best and latest books as per the subject experts’ recommendations.

Graduates can access the Electronic Devices And Circuits reference books and refer to these books to enhance better preparation. Below, we have enlisted a few of the best and highly recommended books for Electronic Devices And Circuits preparation, and candidates must ensure that you choose the book that meets their knowledge and understanding and prepares accordingly.

  1. The Second Edition of Millman‘s Electronic Devices and Circuits by Millman and C.C.Halkias
  2. Semiconductor Physics and Devices by D A Neamen
  3. The Second Edition of Electron Devices and Circuits by Salivahanan N, Suresh Kumar, and A. Vallavaraj
  4. Solid State Electronic Devices by BG Streetman
  5. The Fifth Edition of Electronic Devices and Circuits by David A. Bell
  6. Microelectronic Circuits by A S Sedra and K C Smith
  7. The Ninth Edition of Electronic Devices and Circuits by R L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky
  8. Electronic Devices and Circuits by Theodore F Bogart
  9. The Second Edition of Millman‘s Integrated Electronics by J. Millman and C.C.Halkias
  10. Basic Electronic Devices and Circuits by Mahesh B Patil
  11. The First Edition of A Textbook of Applied Electronics by Sedha. R.S,
  12. Microelectronic Devices by E S Yang
  13. Electronic Devices And Circuits by A.P.Godse and U.A.Bakshi
  14. Microelectronics: An Integrated Approach by R T Howe and C G Sodini
  15. Electronic Devices And Circuits by P J Paul

Electronic Devices and Circuits Curriculum

A syllabus is a course-planning tool that lays the outline of the entire course spectrum and helps students organise, structure, and plan-out the preparation strategies. One of the best ways to better and improvise preparation is holding an initial idea and condensed overview of the Electronic Devices And Circuits Syllabus.

The course curriculum for the Electronic Devices And Circuits Lecture Notes Pdf article gives students a clear outline of what study and how to study, and here you get a detailed view of the Electronic Devices And Circuits Curriculum, keeping in mind every student’s requirements and needs.

Here, students can access the unit-wise breakdown of all the essential topics that fall under each unit and allot time to each topic accordingly. Students must ensure to keep themselves updated on the latest curriculum to prevent wasting unnecessary time on redundant topics and achieve better grades.

The updated unit-wise division of the Electronic Devices And Circuits Syllabus is as follows-

Unit Topics
UNIT-I

SEMICONDUCTOR DIODES

  • PN Junction Diode- Theory of PN diode, Energy band diagram of PN diode, PN junction as a diode, Operation and V-I characteristics
  • Diode equivalent circuits
  • Temperature dependence of V-I characteristics
  • Zener diode as a voltage regulator
  • Static and dynamic resistances
  • Diode current equation
  • Breakdown mechanisms in semiconductor diodes 
  • Diffusion and transition capacitance
  • Zener diode characteristics
UNIT-II

SPECIAL PURPOSE ELECTRONIC DEVICES AND RECTIFIERS

  • Half wave rectifier
  • Full-wave rectifier 
  • Harmonic components in a rectifier circuit 
  • L-Section filter 
  • Multiple L-C sections
  • Comparison of filters
  • Inductor Filter
  • RC filter 
  • Capacitor filter
  • General filter consideration
  • Special purpose electronic devices- Principles of operation and characteristics of silicon controlled rectifier, Tunnel diode, Varactor diode, and Photodiode
UNIT-III

TRANSISTORS

  • MOSFET construction and operation
  • Bipolar Junction Transistors- Construction of BJT, Characteristics, BJT specifications, Operation of BJT, Minority carrier distributions and current components, and Configurations
  • Unijunction Transistor- Symbol, Principle of operation, Characteristics, and Applications (UJT as relaxation oscillator)
  • Applications- Amplifier and Switch
  • Field Effect Transistors- Types of FET, FET construction, Symbol, Principle of operation, V-I characteristics, FET parameters, FET as voltage variable resistor, and Comparison of BJT and FET
UNIT-IV

BIASING AND COMPENSATION TECHNIQUES

  • Need for biasing 
  • The DC and AC load lines Stabilisation Factors 
  • Stabilisation against variations in VBE and β
  • Types of biasing circuits
  • BJT operating point 
  • Bias stability 
  • Bias compensation techniques
  • Thermal stability 
  • Thermal runaway
  • Biasing the FET and MOSFET
UNIT-V

BJT AND FET AMPLIFIERS

  • BJT small signal analysis
  • Transistor amplifiers analysis using h- parameters
  • BJT hybrid model
  • Determination of characteristics
  •  F common source amplifier
  • FE generalised FET amplifier
  • FET as common drain amplifier

List of Electronic Devices and Circuits Important Questions

Graduates pursuing Bachelors in Engineering (B.E) and Bachelors in Technology (B.Tech) enlists the list of all the essential questions enlisted below for the Electronic Devices And Circuits course programme. All the important review questions enumerated below aim to help candidates to excel and outclass in the examination.

  • Elucidate on the working module of the alphanumeric display configuration through the use of LEDs.
  • Write a short note on the Knee voltage of a Diode with suitable examples.
  • Briefly explain the forward bias and reverse bias of a Diode.
  • Write a short note on principle and working operation of an optocoupler.
  • Differentiate the bridge rectifier over its centre tapped counterpart in terms of pros and cons.
  • Define NPN and PNP transistor along with a neat-labelled diagram of the symbols.
  • Derive the frequency and working principle of Colpit’s Oscillator.
  • State the advantages and disadvantages of an LCD Display and differentiate it from an LED Display.
  • Define FET and enlist the important features of FET?
  • Define PN Junction Diode and state the Characteristics, Construction, and Operation of a PN Diode.

FAQ’s on Electronic Devices and Circuits Lecture Notes

Question 1. 
What are Electronic Devices And Circuits?

Answer:
Electr7654onic Devices And Circuits deals with the simplest semiconductor device- a diode which plays a crucial role and holds significant characteristics in the electronic systems matching with a switch. The Electronic Devices And Circuits deals with the applications of Semiconductors and a range of electronic applications.

Question 2.
State a few outcomes of Electronic Devices And Circuits Course programme.

Answer:
The Electronic Devices And Circuits course programme help students analyse and comprehend the different types of Diode, Operations, and Characteristics.

The Programme helps students analyse and design the applications of Diode circuits, Oscillators, and Amplifier circuits through FET and BJT devices.

Question 3.
How is the reference of the Electronic Devices And Circuits Syllabus useful?

Answer:
The Electronic Devices And Circuits Syllabus is a course-planning tool that lays the outline of the entire course spectrum and helps students organise, structure, and plan-out the preparation strategies. The syllabus even betters and improvises preparation through its initial idea and condensed overview of the introductory chapters and concepts.

The Electronic Devices And Circuits Syllabus provides a unit-wise breakdown of all the essential topics that fall under each unit and allot time to each topic accordingly. Students must ensure to keep themselves updated on the latest curriculum.

Question 4.
State three best textbooks for Electronic Devices And Circuits Lecture Notes Pdf preparation.

Answer:

  • The Second Edition of Millman’s Electronic Devices and Circuits by J. Millman, C.C.
  • Halkias, and Satyabrata Jit
  • The Fifth Edition of Electronic Devices and Circuits by David A. Bell
  • Electronic Devices and Circuits by Mohammad Rashid

Conclusion

The article on Electronic Devices And Circuits Lecture Notes Pdf is a genuine and credible source that enhances every student’s knowledge and comprehension of all the references enlisted below during preparation or revision process and at the time of examination. The article provides credible and simple Electronic Devices And Circuits Lecture Notes Pdfs, subject expert-recommended Reference Books, and the list of all the Important Questions.

Verilog books pdf – Digital Design Through Verilog HDL Notes PDF Free Download

digital-design-through-verilog-chapter-wise-notes

Digital Design Through Verilog HDL Notes: and books cover all the topics, including the basic and advanced concepts that are essential for an Engineering student. The study materials are essential for the students to get the best preparation and get outstanding results. For every student seeking to learn Digital Design Through Verilog, Chapter-wise notes and other study materials play a crucial role, and this article is the right destination for them to have access to every required material for the subject.

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Everything that this article includes is mentioned here:

Introduction to Digital Design Through Verilog HDL Notes

Advanced digital design with the verilog hdl 2nd edition pdf free download: Verilog is a type of HDL (Hardware Description Language) used for describing a digital system like the microprocessor or the network switch. It means that by making use of HDL, we can describe the digital hardware at any particular level. The described designs in HDL are entirely independent of the technology used, are extremely easy for debugging and designing purpose, and are more useful than the schematics for the larger circuits.

Verilog supports the design at many abstraction levels, and the three major ones are as follows:

Behavioural level

Digital design with an introduction to the verilog hdl pdf: This is the level that describes the system by some concurrent behavioural algorithms. It works sequentially, i.e., consists of a set of certain instructions that executes one by one. The main elements of this level are tasks, functions, and blocks.

Register-transfer level

Verilog books pdf: The designs that form using the Register-transfer level specifies the characters of the circuit using the operations and data transfer between the registers. RTL code’s primary definition is “It is any code that is synthesizable”.

Gate level

At the logical level, the characters of a system are described by the logical inks. All the signals are discrete, and they only have the definite logical values ranging in a set, i.e., (`0`, `1`, `X`, `Z`). The code for Gate level design is mainly generated using tools like the synthesis tools and the simulations for the backend.

Digital Design through Verilog Chapter-wise Notes and Study material PDF Free Download

Chapter-wise notes for Digital Design Through Verilog is essential for the preparation of the students. The notes and study materials contain all the brief descriptions of every topic, including the basic and advanced ones. The study materials and notes are highly crucial for the students to learn well and get the right idea about every concept.

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Digital Design through Verilog Reference Books

Along with the notes and study materials, another vital thing for the preparation of any subject is a book. There are some textual books of the concepts and the reference books, and all of them play an essential role for the students to enhance their preparation. From brief descriptions of all the related topics to the stated examples and problem statements for practice, the reference books carry all the elements that add on to a student’s preparation.

For Digital Design Through Verilog, there are some recommended reference books as mentioned below that are designed by some globally recognized and certified, top experts of the concepts, and they have every related basic and advance level concepts for the students.

  • T R Padmanabhan, B Bala Tripura Sundari, Design through Verilog HDL., Wiley, 2009.
  • Zainalabdien Navabi, Verilog Digital System Design, TMH, 2nd edition.
  • Fundamentals of Digital Logic with Verilog Design by Stephen Brown, Zvonkoc Vranesic, TMH, 2nd edition, 2010
  • Digital Logic Design using Verilog: State machine & Synthesis for FPGA, Sunggu Lee, Cengage Learning 2009
  • Verilog HDL: Samir Palnitkar, 2nd Edition, Pearson Education, 2009.
  • Advanced Digital Design with the Verilog HDL – Michel D. Ciletti, PHI, 2009.

Digital Design through Verilog Curriculum

Curriculum also adds to the learning process of the students. It is always suggested to have a clear idea about the syllabus of any subject before moving on to learning it, and the same follows with Digital Design Through Verilog. For learning Digital Design Through Verilog, it is essential to know well about all the related topics and the subtopics, and the weightage that they carry for any examination.

Having access to the curriculum of Digital Design Through Verilog will help the students in having the best preparation as they will then always follow the right sequence for learning and will never get confused among any concepts. Moreover, when following the syllabus, the students will never mistakenly leave any topic. They will also have a better understanding of all the related topics when learning in the right manner.

Here is the updated syllabus of DSP:

UNIT – I: Introduction to Verilog HDL
  • Verilog as HDL
  • Levels of the design description
  • Concurrency
  • Simulation and Synthesis and their tools
  • Functional Verification
  • System tasks
  • Programming Language interface
  • Module
UNIT – II: Language Constructs and Conventions
  • Introduction
  • Keywords
  • Identifiers
  • White space Characters
  • Comments
  • Numbers
  • Strings
  • Logic Values
  • Strengths
  • Data types
  • Scalars and Vectors
  • Parameters
  • Operators
UNIT – III: Gate Level Modeling
  • Introduction
  • AND Gate Primitive
  • Module structure and other gate primitives
  • Illustrative examples
  • Tristate gates
  • Arrays of instances of primitives
  • Design of Flip-Flops with gate primitives
  • Delays, Strengths, and Construction resolution
  • Net types
  • Design of primary circuit.
UNIT – IV: Behavioral Modeling
  • Introduction
  • Operations and assignments
  • Functional bifurcation
  • ‘Initial’ construct, ’always’ construct, and ‘wait’ construct
  • Assignments with Delays
  • Multiple always block
  • Designs at the behavioural level
  • Blocking & non-blocking assignments
  • The ‘case’ statement
  • Simulation flow ‘if’ and ‘if-else’ constructs, ’assign-de-assign’ construct, ’repeat’ construct, and ‘the disable’ construct,
  • ‘for’ loop, ‘while loop’, and forever loop
  • Parallel blocks
  • ‘force-release construct
  • Event.
UNIT – V: Modeling as Dataflow Level and Switch level modelling
  • Introduction
  • Continuous assignment structure
  • Delays and continuous assignments
  • Assignments to vectors, operators.
  • Basic transistor switches
  • CMOS switches
  • Bi-directional gates
  • Time delays with switch primitive
  • Instantiation with ‘strengths’ and ‘delays.’
  • Strength contention with Trireg nets.
UNIT-VI: System tasks, Functions and Compiler Directives
  • Parameters
  • Path delays
  • Module parameters
  • System tasks and functions
  • File-based tasks and functions
  • Compiler directives
  • Hierarchical access
  • User-defined Primitives.
UNIT-VII: Sequential Circuit Description
  • Sequential models – feedback model
  • Capacitive model
  • Implicit model
  • Basic memory components
  • Functional register
  • Static machine coding
  • Sequential Synthesis.
UNIT-VIII: Component Test and Verification
  • Test bench- combinational circuit testing
  • Sequential circuit testing
  • Test bench techniques
  • Design verification
  • Assertion verification.

List of Digital Design through Verilog Important Questions

Digital Design Through Verilog Important questions will provide the students with a clear idea about the types of questions related to different topics, and how their evaluations are done. This will help the students to practice according to the said requirements, and thus be well prepared for the examination.

There are many important questions for Digital Design Through Verilog, here is a list of a few of them to help the students understand well about the requirements and practice the questions well to have the best results.

  • Explain the conventional approach to digital design.
  • Explain the Levels of the design description.
  • What is functional verification in Verilog?
  • Explain in brief: a) data types b)strengths c)strings.
  • What are scalars and vectors in Verilog? Explain with examples.
  • Explain gate primitive in Verilog with example.
  • Draw synthesized circuit diagrams of a 3-8 decoder.
  • What are tristate gates? Explain them in Verilog.
  • Explain the functional bifurcation of behavioural modelling.
  • Write a Verilog module for the up-down counter and a test bench for the same.
  • Write about Continuous assignment structures in Verilog with examples.
  • Explain in Verilog: a) binary operations b) unary operations c)logical operators d) relational operators e) equality operators f)bit-wise logical operators.
  • Write a data flow Verilog model for the BCD adder module at the data flow level. Draw its synthesized diagrams.
  • Explain a module for half-address with timing delays and test bench.
  • Write an example module to illustrate the edge-sensitive path delays and their test bench.
  • Write an example module, illustrating the use of the PATHPULSE limit.
  • Explain the feedback model, the capacitive model, and implicit models.
  • Explain the static machine coding using an example.
  • Explain all the different testbench techniques with examples.
  • Explain design verification with an example program.

Frequently Asked Questions on Digital Design Through Verilog HDL Notes

Question 1.
How can we explain Verilog as HDL?

Answer:
Verilog intends to provide a functionally tested and verified design and structure description for the targeted ASIC or FPGA. There are two main functions of the language, which are:

  1. Fulfillment of the needs for design descriptions.
  2. Fulfillment of the needs for the design’s verification for timing and functional constraints, including the propagation delay, slack, hold times, setup, critical path delay, and others.

Question 2.
Explain the levels of the design description.

Answer:
Design description mainly has three levels, as stated below:

  1. Circuit Level – In this level, the switch is the essential element using which the digital circuits build up. At the next level of abstraction, switches then combine to form the invertors and the other gates. Verilog is then used for calling the MOS Switches formed into the constructs.
  2. Gate level – At the next level of abstraction, design continues in terms of the basic gates. The basic gates are available easily as the complete modules, known as Primitives. Primitives are then defined in terms of the I/O.
  3. Data Flow – It is the next level of abstraction. Here, all the operations on variables and signals are represented as assignments. All the logical and algebraic operations are also accommodated here.

Powerplant technology el wakil pdf – Power Plant Engineering Notes PDF Download

Power Plant Engineering Notes

Power Plant Engineering notes: The study material in these notes can give students enough information on the subject by going over all the concepts that are required for any upcoming exams. Aspiring students in Power Plant Engineering will find these lecture notes to be useful as it provides all the relevant information for the subject, which will help them score good grades.

Power Plant Engineering notes provide a compilation of varied notes on the topic which can help students score the simplest grade within the subject by providing the simplest material and reference books for college kids to organize better. Here using this article, students will acquire the newest syllabus to refer to, the only recommended books and an inventory of important questions.

By using Power Plant Engineering notes, aspiring students can identify a simple structure on the way to start their preparation process for the topic.

Introduction to Power Plant Engineering Notes

Powerplant technology el wakil pdf: It is the engineering that is developed to create enough power for communities and different industries and not just on a household level. It is the division of engineering that is responsible for making central station electric power. This field requires the base of electrical engineering and mechanical engineering. Still, over the years, this aspect of engineering has become more and more complicated because of the constant introduction to different technologies such as nuclear technology.

B.tech Power Plant Engineering Notes and Study Material PDF Free Download

Students studying their Bachelors in Technology can get the most updated notes on Power Plant Engineering and other study material during this article. Here students are given the simplest resources required to review the topic in-depth; thereby, they’re going to be better equipped for his or her exams. The notes provided are always free and straightforward to download, thereby allowing aspirants always to be ready to access them whenever required. By using notes during last-minute preparation or revision are often helpful to students because it summarizes most of the topic in a brief format, thereby allowing students to understand the most out of it.

Given below is the list of notes for Power Plant Engineering for a radical preparation of the programme

  • ME8792 PPE Notes, Power Plant Engineering Lecture …
  • 3 ME6701 POWER PLANT ENGINEERING L T P C 3 0 0 3
  • [PDF] ME6701 Power Plant Engineering (PPE) Books, Lecture
  • Power Plant Engineering – PPE Study Materials – Lecture Notes
  • Notes Power Plant Engineering PPE by Susant Kumar Sahu …
  • power plant engineering – Government Polytechnic Nayagarh
  • [PDF] ME6701 Power Plant Engineering Lecture Notes, Books
  • power plant engineering – IARE
  • Power Plant Engineering (PPE) Notes Pdf – 2020 | SW

Power Plant Engineering Reference Books

The reference books provided by this text gives students the simplest material to fact check their queries and understand the topic with the correct information. Here in this article, the books provided by experts allow students to thorough down on their basic concepts. Here Aspirants can use these reference books and study material during their time of preparation to attain their desired grades. The books are as follows-

  • “Power Plant Engineering” by Derbal L F and Boston PG
  • “Power Plant Performance” by Gill A B
  • “Power Plant Engineering” by Nag
  • “Power Plant Instrumentation and Control Handbook” by Swapan Basu
  • “Power Plant Engineering” by Manoj Gupta
  • “Power Plant Engineering” by Dr S Ramachandran
  • “Power Plant Instrumentation” by PONNI BALA and KRISHNASWAMY
  • “Schaum’s Outline of Electrical Power Systems” by Syed Nasar
  • “A Textbook of Power Plant Engineering” by Rajput R K
  •  “Power Plant Engineering” by C Elanchezhian
  • Black & Veatch, “Power plant Engineering”, CBS Publisher, 2005
  • El-Wakil, M.M., “Power plant Technology”, McGraw-Hill Book Co, 2002
  • Nag, PK, “Power plant engineering”, Tata MacGraw Hill, 2008
  • Modern Power Station Practical, CEGB, Pergamon Publisher, 1992
  • Norris & Therkelsen, “Heat Power”, McGraw Hill, 1999
  • Rust, JH, “Nuclear Power Plant Engineering”, Haralson Pub. Co., 1999
  • Potter, P.J., “Power Plant Theory & Design”, Kreiger Publishing Co., 1994
  • 1. A Text Book of Power Plant Engineering / Rajput / Laxmi Publications
  •  Power plant Engineering/ Ramalingam/ Scietech Publishers
  •  Power Plant Engineering: P.K.Nag/ II Edition /TMH.
  • An Introduction to Power Plant Technology / G.D. Rai.
  •  Power plant Engg – Elanchezhian- IK. International Publication

Power Plant Engineering Curriculum

This subject is extremely broad, and it includes almost every concept in engineering because it contributes to some a part of it so for college kids to understand what to review and what to not study is crucial. After all, we do not want them wasting their preparation time on topics that won’t be included in their exam. A curriculum is that the most vital part of students’ preparation process because it provides a structure or a format for them to hide the varied topics within the subject, therefore, it’s key that the curriculum starts from the essential concepts to hide all the relevant topics. The subsequent is an updated curriculum that’s set by experts within the field.

Unit  Topic
Unit 1
  • Introduction to the Sources of Energy – Resources and Development of Power in India
  •  Steam Power Plant: Plant Layout, Working of different Circuits, Fuel and handling equipments, types of coals, coal handling, choice of handling equipment, coal storage, Ash handling systems
  • .COMBUSTION PROCESS: Properties of coal – overfeed and underfeed fuel beds, traveling grate stokers, spreader stokers, retort stokers, pulverized fuel burning system and its components, combustion needs and draught system, cyclone furnace, design and construction, Dust collectors, cooling towers and heat rejection. Corrosion and feed water treatment.
Unit 2
  • INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE PLANT: Diesel Power Plant
  • Introduction
  •  IC Engines, types, construction
  •  Plant layout with auxiliaries
  •  fuel supply system, air starting equipment, lubrication and cooling system
  • super charging
  • GAS TURBINE PLANT: Introduction – classification
  • construction
  •  Layout with auxiliaries
  • Principles of working of closed and open cycle gas turbines
  •  Combined Cycle Power Plants and comparison
  • DIRECT ENERGY CONVERSION: Solar energy, Fuel cells, Thermoelectric and Thermo ionic, MHD generation.
Unit 3
  • HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT: Water power
  •  Hydrological cycle / flow measurement
  • drainage area characteristics
  • Hydrographs
  •  storage and Pondage
  •  classification of dams and spillways
  • HYDRO PROJECTS AND PLANT: Classification
  • Typical layouts
  • plant auxiliaries
  • plant operation pumped storage plants
Unit 4
  • NUCLEAR POWER STATION:
  • Nuclear fuel breeding and fertile materials
  • Nuclear reactor
  • reactor operation
  • TYPES OF REACTORS: Pressurized water reactor, Boiling water reactor, sodium-graphite reactor, fast Breeder Reactor, Homogeneous Reactor, Gas cooled Reactor
  • Radiation hazards and shielding
  • radioactive waste disposal
Unit 5
  • Power Plant Economics and Environmental Considerations: Capital cost, investment of fixed charges, operating costs, general arrangement of power distribution, Load curves, load duration curve
  •  Definitions of connected load, Maximum demand, demand factor, average load, load factor, diversity factor- related exercises
  •  Effluents from power plants and impact on environment
  • pollutants and pollution standards
  • Methods of Pollution control.

List of Important Questions for Power Plant Engineering

  1.  Draw a general layout of the thermal/steam power plant and explain the working of different circuits.
  2. Explain in detail about the coal preparation, cleaning and handling.
  3. State and derive the Rankine cycle.
  4.  Explain the working of cyclone burner & fluidized bed combustion system.
  5.  How are cooling towers classified? Explain them.
  6.  Draw a layout of a typical micro hydro scheme and explain its working in detail.
  7.  What are the different types of pumped storage power generation? Explain its advantages & disadvantages.
  8.  Sketch the layout of the hydroelectric power plant &explain the functions of each component in it. Discuss the. advantages & limitations of this power plant.
  9. How are dams classified? What are the factors to be considered in selecting the type of dams?
  10.  Explain the principle of operation Of the fast breeder reactor, CANDU & boiling water reactor.
  11.  Explain the construction & working of supercritical, pressurized & gas-cooled water reactors.
  12. Explain with a neat sketch about the controlled and uncontrolled nuclear chain reaction.
  13.  Explain the importance of nuclear waste management
  14. Explain in detail the components of a diesel power plant.
  15.  Explain in detail about Regeneration, Reheating & Inter cooling.
  16. Explain the layout of the gas turbine power plant & diesel power plant. . Discuss the advantages & limitations of this power plant.
  17. With a neat sketch explain the working principle and types of fuel cells. Give its advantages and disadvantages.
  18. Explain the working principle of OTEC with its advantages & disadvantages.
  19. Explain the working principle of the Geothermal conversion system with a neat diagram.
  20. Describe the governing principle Impluse and Francis turbine.
  21.  Compare radial flow and axial flow turbomachine.
  22. Diff between Impulse and Reaction turbine.
  23. Explain in detail about Title Energy conversion system,
  24.  Explain Magneto Hydro Dynamic System

FAQs on Power Plant Engineering Notes

Question 1.
What is Power Plant Engineering?

Answer:
It is the engineering that is developed to create enough power for communities and different industries and not just on a household level. It is the division of engineering that is responsible for making central station electric power. This field requires the base of electrical engineering and mechanical engineering. Still, over the years, this aspect of engineering has become more and more complicated because of the constant introduction to different technologies such as nuclear technology.

Question 2.
What are the best reference books for Power Plant Engineering students?

Answer:

  •  A Text Book of Power Plant Engineering / Rajput / Laxmi Publications
  •  Power plant Engineering/ Ramalingam/ Scietech Publishers
  •  Power Plant Engineering: P.K.Nag/ II Edition /TMH.
  • An Introduction to Power Plant Technology / G.D. Rai.
  •  Power plant Engg – Elanchezhian- IK. International Publication

Question 3.
What are the types of power plants?

Answer:

  1. Thermal Power Plant
  2. Diesel Power Plant
  3. Nuclear Power Plant
  4. Hydel Power Plant
  5. Steam Power Plant
  6. Gas Power Plant
  7. Wind Power Plant
  8. Geo-Thermal
  9. Bio – Gas
  10. MHD. Power Plant

Question 4.
What are the important questions asked in Power Plant Engineering?

Answer:

  1. Draw a general layout of thermal/steam power plant and explain the working of different circuits.
  2. Explain in detail about the coal preparation, cleaning and handling.
  3. State and derive the Rankine cycle.
  4.  Explain the working of cyclone burner & fluidized bed combustion system.
  5.  How are cooling towers classified? Explain them.

Conclusion

The above article provides students with sufficient material to prepare well and ace their exams. The study material provided in these notes is genuine and reliable because experts in the field recommend them.

Human resource management pdf free download – Human Resource Management Notes PDF Free Download | Check HRM Study Materials, Books, Questions, Syllabus

Human Resource Management Notes

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Introduction to Human Resource Management Lecture Notes

Lecture Notes of the Human Resource Management

Human Resource Management is one of the core departments of a company. It is the reason why Human Resources is an important department. If you face any problem with your company, you would have to go to Human Resources (HR) Department. It is a course which will help you improve your people skills as well as your personality. The Human Resource Department is the one that deals with all the everyday problems that happen in the company. One of the most important persons in a company is the Human Resource Manager.

There are three main components in Human Resource Management:

  • Planning and Organising: This is the first and the most important component of Human Resource Management. Planning and organizing form the basis of a company’s HR policies. In this component, the HR frames all the policies which vary from hierarchical structure to the organizational design as well as a human resource policy of a company. All these policies are made, keeping in mind the company’s vision and mission.
  • Compensation and Benefits: This is the second component of Human Resource Management. In this component, HR frames all the policies relating to the cost-to-company. Various costs come under this cost-to-company. one of them is compensation. These policies aim at retaining employees and reducing attritions rates. A Human Resource department should consider all the aspects, legal as well as financial aspects when they come up with compensation and benefits schemes.
  • Talent Acquisition, Recruitment, and Training: This is the last component of Human Resource Management. It is the component that deals with the entire process of recruitment of employees in the different departments of the company. They synchronize all the processes of recruitment in line with the functioning, aims, and goals of the company. The main and most important point of contact between all the different departments of the company is Human Resources Department.

Human Resource Management Handwritten Notes Pdf Free Download

Human resource management pdf free download: The article on Human Resource Management Hand Written Notes offers students the best and the most credible sources of study material and notes so that they can access and win load all the sources updates from this article. These notes and reference sources on Human Resource Management Lecture Notes act as the best and most important preparation tools which help students improve their performance.

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Human Resource Management Reference Books

Students should make reference books a part of their preparation. Reference books give students additional information about the topics, and they can further their knowledge of the subject. Students should consult the reference books that provide excellent knowledge about the background of the topic and content.

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The list of the best and most recommended books for Human Resource Management is as follows for better preparation of personnel management. Students should be aware of the process of the nature of the organisation and make sure that they need to choose a book that is suitable for training and development of the job analysis in the field of human resources.

  • Dessler Human Resources Management
  • Decent and Robbins Human Resources Management
  • Managing Human Resources (2012)
  • Human Resource Management is written by Bernadin (2012)
  • Managing Human Resources written by Wayne Casciso (2007)
  • Human Resource Management is written by Ivancevich (2012)
  • Human Resource Management, Oxford (2012)

Syllabus & Curriculum of Human Resource Management

Students should take the first step to start their preparation for the examination by going through the syllabus of Human Resources Management. It gives you the initial idea and a brief overview of all the topics and concepts which are a part of Human Resource Management.

This article provides students with a detailed view and a brief outline of the Human Resource Management syllabus, taking into consideration the needs and requirements of all the students and the employees in the organisation. The Human Resource Management course syllabus gives students a clear idea of what to study and comes up with different study plans for their preparation.

This article on Human Resource Management Study Notes provides unit-wise division of all the topics under each unit so that students can allot time to each topic. Aspirants should cover all the topics which are a part of the syllabus before they attempt the Human Resource Management exam.

If they know all the concepts and topics of human resource management, they can easily and comfortably answer the question paper. Graduates should stay well-informed about the topics, to avoid studying irrelevant topics. The updated unit-wise division of the Human Resource Management syllabus is as follows:

Unit I:

  • Perspectives in Human Resources Management:
    • Evolution of Human Resource management
    • The importance of the human factor
    • challenges
    • inclusive growth and affirmative action
    • role of the human resource manager
    • human resource policies
    • computer applications in Human Resource management
    • human resource accounting and audit

Unit II:

  • The concept of best fit employee
    • Importance of Human resource planning
    • forecasting Human Resource requirements
    • matching supply and demand
    • internal and external sources
    • recruitment
    • selection
    • induction
    • socialisation benefit

Unit III:

  • Training and executive development
    • types of training methods
    • purpose
    • benefits
    • resistance
    • executive development programs
    • common practices
    • benefits
    • self-development
    • knowledge management

Unit IV:

  • Sustaining employee interest
    • compensation plan
    •  reward
    • motivation
    • application of theories of motivation
    • career management
    • development of mentor
    • protégé relationships

Unit V: 

  • Performance evaluation and control process
    • method of performance evaluation
    • feedback
    • industry practices
    • promotion
    • demotion
    • transfer
    • seperation
    • the implication of job change
    • the control process
    • importance
    • methods
    • a requirement of effective control systems grievances
    • causes
    • implication
    • redressal methods

List of Important Questions in the Human Resource Management Important Course

Students who are pursuing an MBA in Human Resource Management can access the list of all the important and vital questions mentioned below for the Human Resource Management course programme. All the questions in the section below aim at helping students review and enhance their knowledge so that they can excel in their examinations.

  1. Write a short note on the significance of Human Resource Management.
  2. Explain in detail the concept of Human Resource Management.
  3. What is Human Resource Management?
  4. How would you explain the systems approach of Human Resource Management?
  5. Write a short note on the contingency approach.
  6. If you are a Human Resource Manager, how would you explain the Human Resource Process?
  7. Explain in detail the Human Resource environment.
  8. How would you describe People Management?
  9. What is the need and importance of HRP?
  10. Explain in detail what is meant by forecasting of HRP supply?
  11. State the meaning of HR gap.

FAQs on Human Resource Management PDF Notes

Question 1.

What is Human Resource Management?

Answer:

Human Resource Management is one of the core departments of the company. HRM is the process of dealing with the employees, clients of the organization. This is the reason behind the most prominent human resource management department. It is a course which will help you improve your people skills as well as your personality.

The Human Resource Management HRM Department is the one that deals with all everyday problems that happen in the organization. One of the most important persons in a company is the Human Resource Manager.

Question 2.

What are the main components of Human Resource Management?

Answer:

There are three main components in Human Resource Management:

  • Planning and organizing: This is the first and the most important component of Human Resource Management. Planning and organizing form the basis of a company’s HR policies. In this component, the HR frames all the policies which vary from hierarchical structure to the organizational design as well as the human resource policy of a company.
  • Compensation and Benefits: This is the second component of Human Resource Management. In this component, HR frames all the policies relating to the cost-to-company. A Human Resource department should consider all the aspects, legal as well as financial aspects when they come up with compensation and benefits schemes.
  • Talent Acquisition, Recruitment, and Training: This is the last component of Human Resource Management. It is the component that deals with the entire process of recruitment of employees in the different departments of the company. The main and most important point of contact between all the different departments of the company is the Human Resource Department.

Question 3.

Name some of the reference books that students can refer to for Human Resource Management?

Answer:

Here are some of the reference books that students can refer to for Human Resource Management:

  • Dessler Human Resources Management
  • Decent and Robbins Human Resources Management
  • Managing Human Resources (2012)
  • Human Resource Management is written by Bernadin (2012)
  • Managing Human Resources written by Wayne Casciso (2007)
  • Human Resource Management is written by Ivancevich (2012)

Question 4.

List out some of the important questions for Human Resource Management.

Answer:

Here are some of the important questions that students can review for Human Resource Management:

  1. Write a short note on the significance of Human Resource Management.
  2. Explain in detail the concept of Human Resource Management.
  3. What is Human Resource Management?
  4. How would you explain the systems approach of Human Resource Management?
  5. Write a short note on the contingency approach.
  6. If you are a Human Resource Manager, how would you explain the Human Resource Process?
  7. Explain in detail the Human Resource environment.

Conclusion of the Human Resource Management (HRM) Notes PDF

The article on Human Resource Management HRM Lecture Notes is credible and a reliable source of reference for all students. It includes study material, important questions, and reference books that aim at enhancing a student’s knowledge about Human Resource Management.

Students can easily download and access all Human Resource Management Complete Notes, Human Resource Management books, Human Resource Management Study Material, and Human Resource Management Important Questions from this article for preparing during their exams.